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Author(s):  
David Jiménez-Soria ◽  
Francisco J. Martín-Vega ◽  
Mari Carmen Aguayo-Torres

AbstractLinear broadcasting services, with a scheduled programming, constitute a paramount telecommunication service for today’s society. Although the existing technology is mature, current linear broadcast systems have serious limitations when providing service to moving users or users placed in areas with complex orography and poor signal quality. To overcome these limitations, 3GPP 5G standard has included a work item to support 5G multicast/broadcast services for future Release 17. This paper investigates the integration of point-to-point (unicast) communication with cellular multicast/broadcast on 5G technology to extend the current support of linear broadcasting services. This integration relies on the use mobile edge computing (MEC) at the 5G base station (gNB) to host a dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) server that is coordinated with the multicast transmission to complement the broadcast service. This approach join the reliability of point-to-point communications, with dedicated resources for each user, with the spectrum efficiency of multi-cast communications, where a set of users share common resources. The cooperation between those unicast and multicast schemes allows those users whose coverage is not good enough, to complete the linear broadcast flow through the point-to-point transmission via MEC. The benefits of such approach have been assessed with simulations in a realistic scenario that considers a vehicle moving across a sparsely populated region in southern Spain. Results reveals that throughput and bitrate playback (reproduction rate) are greatly improved when unicast/multicast integration is enabled since the number of stalling events is reduced significantly.


Neutron ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Rio Kurniawan Budi Soeseno ◽  
Diah Ayu Restuti Wulandari ◽  
Koespiadi Koespiadi

The complex problems that existed during the Field Implementation in the SMP Negeri 1 Surabaya project at that time caused some work that was not as planned both in terms of time, quality and cost which resulted in overbudget and overtime. When experiencing overbudget and overtime, it is necessary to have good cost, quality and time management. Good management should not only be owned by the project owner. The length of time to complete the project has a big effect on the increase in the overall project cost. Therefore, daily, weekly and monthly progress reports are needed to report work results and completion times for each project work item. Furthermore, this work is compared with the completion time of the plan so that the completion time can be controlled for each period. This is because the construction of the building has a delay in time so that it can cause disruption in some field operations. The analysis that I have done is viewed from all of them (owner and contractor). This study uses the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) research method because AHP is used to derive the ratio scale of several paired comparisons that are discrete or continuous. Other problems such as inconsistencies in planners, supervisors, executors, and other authorities in the field, namely lack of communication and late making decisions such as changes in design and changes in calculations that are in implementation and planning so that the project results in time and cost delays, and other problems. such as material calculations and others, there are also delays caused by delays in making decisions in implementation. Because of that, the project for the Public Junior High School 1 in Surabaya experienced delays in several jobs, namely the foundation, column, ladder, and beam work, which should have been done in 1-2 months to 3-4 months. In terms of implementation, such as lack of communication between planners, supervisors and implementers as well as other authorized officials, a good communication is needed. So that it does not cause so many problems and can reduce delays in terms of implementation in the field.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinay Kumar Shrivastava ◽  
Sangkyu Baek ◽  
Youngkyo Baek

<div>5G communications system is on the evolution path with present focus on enabling advanced features and new service capabilities. Multicast and Broadcast Services (MBS) are being considered as one of the most promising use cases of 5G. As a late entrant to 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5G standards, MBS work item is presently being developed over existing 5G framework, and is targeted to enhance 5G New Radio and 5G Core Network capabilities for a reliable, low latency, resource efficient, and massive deployment of a wide array of multicast and broadcast services. MBS development entails enhancements for network and user equipment side on architectural, protocol and transmission aspects in order to address a new set of multicast and broadcast service requirements in 5G. In this article, we present an introduction to MBS standardization and outline newly introduced technical features, and their use cases.</div>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinay Kumar Shrivastava ◽  
Sangkyu Baek ◽  
Youngkyo Baek

<div>5G communications system is on the evolution path with present focus on enabling advanced features and new service capabilities. Multicast and Broadcast Services (MBS) are being considered as one of the most promising use cases of 5G. As a late entrant to 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5G standards, MBS work item is presently being developed over existing 5G framework, and is targeted to enhance 5G New Radio and 5G Core Network capabilities for a reliable, low latency, resource efficient, and massive deployment of a wide array of multicast and broadcast services. MBS development entails enhancements for network and user equipment side on architectural, protocol and transmission aspects in order to address a new set of multicast and broadcast service requirements in 5G. In this article, we present an introduction to MBS standardization and outline newly introduced technical features, and their use cases.</div>


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Acen Patanduk ◽  
Josefine Ernestine Latupeirissa ◽  
Herby Calvin Pascal Tiyouw

The aim of this study is to investigate the productivity capacity of the ceramic tile installation workforce at the Makassar New Port project, based on field data and the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). This research was conducted for ± 10 days in the Makassar New Port project. The objects to be studied as a source of data in this research are workmen who work on ceramic tile installation, regarding the factors that affect the performance of human resources in the field, especially on their work skills, speed, and accuracy. The observations were made per square meter of ceramic tile installation for each work item on 1 working day, while data recording was carried out per day for 6 working days. The research method used in this research is the work study method, which is a research conducted by collecting data directly from observations in the field. This research was conducted by collecting primary data which is directly examined in the field related to the research carried out as secondary data, which is called the work study method because the observational data is taken while conducting the field work. The result of this research is that the production capacity in the ceramic tile installation of the Makassar New Port project is bigger than the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), this shows that the hired workmen in the work of the retaining stone installation work is very productive.


Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Ganesan ◽  
Prateek Basu Mallick ◽  
Joachim Löhr

3GPP is currently studying enhancements to Sidelink (SL) operations for 5G New Radio (NR) in a Release 17 Work Item which is planned to be finished by end of 2021. The NR Sidelink (SL) Work Item in Release 17 includes several key features targeting reliability enhancements, power saving and coverage enhancements by expanding the scope of NR sidelink to target V2X, commercial D2D use-case and Public safety. This paper provides an insight on the current 3GPP Release 17 NR SL design describing necessary enhancements in the physical, protocol layer to support inter-UE coordination message for reliability enhancement for autonomous resource selection procedure by providing feedback on the half-duplex, persistent collision and hidden nodes. In addition, the power saving feature is addressed by introducing a SL DRX mechanism for the PC5 interface which defines active reception and transmission periods between a TX and the peer Rx UE(s) and also between Tx UE and gNB. Furthermore, this paper outlines details on the Sidelink Relay feature for coverage enhancement by describing possible solutions for UE to Network relay and UE to UE relay.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
M. Irsan Sangadji ◽  
Edward Rizki Ahadian ◽  
M Darwis

The development of the construction world has resulted in the increasing need for heavy equipment for each project. Heavy equipment is a vital resource in a construction project. However, the costs required to procure heavy equipment are not cheap. Therefore, the choice of heavy equipment has a big influence on the efficiency and profitability of construction work. Productivity is used as a guide in determining the duration of each job and the number of heavy equipment to be treated. This research was conducted by observing the field to obtain the time needed by each heavy equipment in the reclamation work which then carried out the calculation of productivity. The results of the research are that the trailer/trailer truck has a productivity of 60.614 minutes, the excavator has a productivity of 21 m³/hour, the roller vibrator has a productivity of 155.625 m³/hour, the wheel loader has a productivity of 91.098 m³ hour, the water tanker has a productivity of 14.229 m³/hour, the motor grader has a productivity is 942,880 m²/hour, and the dump truck has a productivity of 26,981 m³/hour, then after analyzing the productivity of heavy equipment the next stage is calculating the time efficiency that occurs in each work item, and the mobilization work takes 17 days or less than the expected time. it has been planned in the contract document that is 28 days, in the usual piling work from the excavation source it will take 247 days or less than the time planned in the contract document which is 287 days.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Lahiru Nirmal Hettiarachchi ◽  
Eric Balster

Time-domain back projection (BP) is a widely known method used in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image formation. Despite its advantages over other image formation algorithms, the BP method is hindered due to its computational complexity and its requirement of higher number of operations and processing power. Recently, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices have been used for BP acceleration mainly due to their parallel processing capabilities, reconfigurability, scalability, and low power requirement. This paper presents a new Fixed-point based BP (FxBP) design for FPGA devices and a Floating-point based BP (FlBP) design to compare performance. Both designs are developed with N-Dimensional Range (NDR) structure and Single Work Item (SWI) structure using OpenCL. The FPGA performance is evaluated using a FPGA performance metric (FPM). It is shown that FxBP-NDR and FxBP-SWI designs generate high quality back projected images compared to FlBP designs, while saving 16.87 % and 42.54 % on logic resources and gaining 17.90 % and 91.62 % on FPGA performance in NDR and SWI, respectively. Obtained results clearly indicate that FPGA devices perform significantly better with FxBP designs compared to FlBP designs, even with hardened FPUs.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Lahiru Nirmal Hettiarachchi ◽  
Eric Balster

Time-domain back projection (BP) is a widely known method used in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image formation. Despite its advantages over other image formation algorithms, the BP method is hindered due to its computational complexity and its requirement of higher number of operations and processing power. Recently, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices have been used for BP acceleration mainly due to their parallel processing capabilities, reconfigurability, scalability, and low power requirement. This paper presents a new Fixed-point based BP (FxBP) design for FPGA devices and a Floating-point based BP (FlBP) design to compare performance. Both designs are developed with N-Dimensional Range (NDR) structure and Single Work Item (SWI) structure using OpenCL. The FPGA performance is evaluated using a FPGA performance metric (FPM). It is shown that FxBP-NDR and FxBP-SWI designs generate high quality back projected images compared to FlBP designs, while saving 16.87 % and 42.54 % on logic resources and gaining 17.90 % and 91.62 % on FPGA performance in NDR and SWI, respectively. Obtained results clearly indicate that FPGA devices perform significantly better with FxBP designs compared to FlBP designs, even with hardened FPUs.


Author(s):  
Irina V. Karakozova ◽  
Alexander S. Pavlov

Introduction. Building information modeling is the main direction of development of automated design and control systems. An important component of information modeling is the transfer of data into construction management systems. The most complicated issue is the problem of creating the correct graph topology relevant to the process sequence and construction management experience. The development of automated progress schedule compilation system based on the use of a universal sequence developed earlier is examined. Materials and methods. As a result of the analysis of the progress schedule compilation process, the topology creation algorithm is divided into several stages. At the first stage, a text description of the information model is given, which is then converted into a list of building or structure elements. The list of elements should be transformed into the work item list and then supplemented with work items not reflected in the list of elements. This is a separate complex task, which is not examined in this study, and is the direction of further research by the authors. At the next stage, the work items in the list are assigned codes that define the location of the scope of works in time and space. Results. An algorithm for converting the work item list into a coherent work schedule, the topology of which takes into account the spatial location of the work area and the sequence of interrelated processes over time, has been developed. The sequence of works is determined by a preliminarily designed universal list. The list of requirements for the information produced by BIM models is developed. Splitting the algorithm into stages allows for manual correction of the work item list and the properties of work items, if necessary. Conclusions. The developed method allows for automation of the processes of creating construction plans based on the list of building elements and universal work sequence. At any implementation stage, the work item list may be interactively changed and supplemented. In the future, it is necessary to form a set of parameters for structural elements that will allow automating the choice of technological processes.


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