Analysis of the Major Investment Object by Using a Novel Approach Based on Neutrosophic Information

Neutrosophic set (NS) is an extensively used framework whenever the imprecision and uncertainty of an event is described based on three possible aspects. The association, neutral, and nonassociation degrees are the three unique aspects of an NS. More importantly, these degrees are independent which is a great plus point. On the contrary, neutrosophic graphs (NGs) and single-valued NGs (SVNGs) are applicable to deal with events that contain bulks of information. However, the concept of degrees in NGs is a handful tool for solving the problems of decision-making (DM), pattern recognition, social network, and communication network. This manuscript develops various forms of edge irregular SVNG (EISVNG), highly edge irregular SVNG (HEISVNG), strongly (EISVNG), strongly (ETISVNG), and edge irregularity on a cycle and a path in SVNGs. All these novel notions are supported by definitions, theorems, mathematical proofs, and illustrative examples. Moreover, two types of DM problems are modelled using the proposed framework. Furthermore, the computational processes are used to confirm the validity of the proposed graphs. Furthermore, the results approve that the decision-making problems can be addressed by the edge irregular neutrosophic graphical structures. In addition, the comparison between proposed and the existing methodologies is carried out.

Methodological aspects of evaluating a company’s investment attractiveness

The actual problems of choosing tools for risk assessment and predicted profitability (attractiveness) of an investment object are studied. There is a close relationship between the financial multipliers DIV/FCF, P/E Shiller, EV/EBITDA and risk indicators, which gives the investor the opportunity to make additional operational forecasts when analyzing an investment project. A number of key financial multipliers (P/S, EV/S, P/OCF, P/FCF) have been identified, and it is not entirely correct to use them as criteria for making an investment decision. The expediency of using the EV/EBITDA multiplier for making forecasts about the volatility of the return on shares of a certain company is justified, since this is the only indicator among the financial multipliers selected for analysis that has a relationship with the beta coefficient. Recommendations for forming a sample of necessary indicators (multipliers) when making investment decisions by various stakeholders are proposed.

Methods of Attracting Foreign Investments to the National Economy

The implementation of innovative processes at the modern level and the dynamic development of the national economy on this basis today are impossible without the intensive attraction of foreign investment. The volume of foreign investment is one of the indicators characterizing the degree of integration of the country into the world community and depends on the attractiveness of the investment object. The following article is devoted to the ways of attracting foreign investment in the national economy.

Analysis of the investment potential of the Voronezh region

Investment processes, being an integral part of the market economy, have a significant impact on macroeconomic indicators, tax potential, financial stability, economic growth, competitiveness of the investment object, the region and the state as a whole. Therefore, such economic categories as "investment", "investment attractiveness", "investment climate" are of interest as an object of research for many theoretical scientists and practical economists. To a large extent, ensuring the economic security of the country is characterized by the creation of an effective system for organizing control over financial activities in the state, which limits the outflow of capital from the national economy. In this regard, a comprehensive solution to the legal, political and administrative task of protecting national interests is required. The priority in the national security system is the economic security of the state, characterized by the presence of a steadily developing economy. The key indicator of the "economic health" of the state is the presence of a favorable investment climate, which is characterized by the ratio of investment attractiveness and investment risks, which is manifested in the scale, structure and dynamics of investment processes. Current trends that indicate instability, unfavorable market conditions and lack of transparency in investment activities in the Russian context confirm the relevance and timeliness of this study. The information base of the research is the normative and legislative acts of the Russian Federation; the main scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists within the studied problem field; official materials and operational information of Rosstat; materials of scientific and practical conferences, periodicals and the Internet.)

Ways to Improve the Performance of Investments in Real Estate for Individual Investors

The article discusses approaches to the problem of improving the performance of investments in real estate for individual investors, who are relevant for many countries, including Russia. The advantages and disadvantages of real estate as an investment object are analyzed; simple criteria characterizing the performance of real estate investments are defined. The possibilities of using various strategies for real estate investments in the market economy have been analyzed. The features of the Russian taxation system, which improve the performance of residential real estate investments for individual investors, are observed. The main ways to improve performance of residential real estate investments are considered. Statistical data and calculations confirming the relevance of the above methods of improving efficiency are presented. It is pointed out that there is a relationship between some measures of the state regulation of the economy and the performance of investments in real estate.

The building financing fund: main problems of ensuring and protection of beneficiary’s rights and interests

The active usage of investment and financing mechanisms in sphere of construction of housing determines the necessity of involving the financial means of individuals and legal entities to such process and comes with risks for investors. At the same time the negative experience associated with frauds in sphere of construction of housing that caused a damage to the persons who had invested in housing within the territory of Ukraine and the intentions of lawmaker to establish the juridical mechanisms of financing of the construction that would neutralize or minimalize appropriate dangers determines the necessity to researched such juridical schemes in context of ensuring and protection of rights and interests of the participants of appropriate relationships. The author determines the advantages and disadvantages of the model of financing of construction of housing through building financing funds. It is defined that the obvious advantages of such model are: the professionalism of trustee; the usage of such ensuring and protective means for beneficiary’s (investor’s) rights and interests as hypothec, insurance of the developer’s risk of break the terms of obligations execution. The ensuring character also has the process of fixation of an investment object for beneficiary. At the same time the author states that it is difficult to justify the “encumbrance” of basic investment model by abovementioned ensuring and protective components. Even within basic investment model the beneficiary’s (investor’s) rights and interests could be ensured by hypothec of proprietary interests rights. Moreover the beneficiary (investor) can use insurance. The main advantage of the mechanism of financing of the construction through the building financing fund is the beneficiaries (investors) possibility to acquire with less organizational costs of a right of property on unfinished building in case when developer breaks his obligations. But at the same time the mechanism of financing of the construction through the fund rises the price of investment objects because of additional expenses. It is defined that despite of the provision of part three of the article 4 of the Law of Ukraine On investment Activity such provision does not neutralize a possibility to use alternative juridical schemes of the investment and financing of housing.

Investment Valuation of Modern Business Models

The paper's purpose is to identify the changes in investment decision-making processes in the hybrid (traditional and digital) economy. It is hypothesized that business models and the digital environment change the classical prerequisites for making investment decisions, and this needs to be reflected in the investment valuation. Methods of system and critical analysis, value-oriented approach are used. The predominance of competition between business models (including within ecosystems), rather than organizations, and the reduction of the investor's need for the organizational and legal design of the investment object with a variety of digital solutions are established. It is argued that the investment potential of a modern business model is influenced by the organizational architecture, the infrastructure, the value formed by the consumer, communication and interaction with the immutability of the supply. The authors developed the business model's architecture with the allocation of nine basic elements and options for investment decisions in order to reflect the increasing design complexity and individualism of the business model. New cost factors for investment evaluation of business models are identified, including digital rent, pricing approaches, digital paradox, ecosystem protection from the market, etc. The qualitative features of an effective business model are established while maintaining a quantitative assessment based on the generated cash flow. The deduction is that as the complexity of business models increases and it is possible to integrate digital business metrics and traditional financial indicators. However, at present it is advisable to maintain the existing methodology of investment assessment, supplemented with new qualitative adjustments.

NON-FINANCIAL REPORTS AS A TOOL TO INCREASE THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE ENTERPRISE

In the article, the main defect of financial reporting are certain about forming of investment attractiveness of enterprise and reasonably how they are decided by the unfinancial accounting. Considered known standards of the unfinancial accounting, and also their comparative analysis is carried out. The brought list over of often used guidances and frameworks for the strictly specialized standards in an ecological and social direction. The necessity of objective illumination of both positive and negative influences of enterprise is reasonable. Opening of information, that forms the investment attractiveness of enterprise, is considered, on the example of the standard of GRI. The described procedure for inspecting the investment object is due diligence. The results of questioning of investors are considered by two world accountant-consulting companies about the efficiency of the unfinancial accounting.

Analysis of Corporate Investment Behaviour in Digital Technologies for Organisational Development Purposes

In the context of this study, a literature review and the survey of German business executives were conducted. On the way to digitalisation, companies try to support or replace as many processes as possible using software and tools. The main purpose of this study consisted in investigating corporate investment behaviour in digital technologies for organisational development. Since the progress in this area in recent period is very large, consists the need to determine how do companies choose the appropriate functions and how much are they willing to invest for their execution. The study relies on a review of recent publications, statistical analysis and empirical analysis based on the results of online surveys. Behavioural determinants defined include regularity and predictability of organisational development, spending points, purpose of investment, previous experience with investment object, possible reasons against investment. It was compared which characteristics of companies (number of employees, annual turnover, age of the company, orientation) can influence a statement about the level of investment in organisational development, as well as desired functions and possible decision against investment in digital technologies. Furthermore, the current expenditures for organisational development were compared with the investments of companies with the same characteristics. The results demonstrate the different distribution of statistically collected data for personal purposes and the estimated investment volumes for digital tools for organisational development, despite relatively similar figures for current expenditure on organisational development.

Promoting social goals through economisation? Social investment and the counterintuitive case of homelessness

Within the welfare state literature, critics of social investment have argued that its economic logic replaces ‘social’ considerations (for example, focused on rights/needs) and that this could reinforce the marginalisation of vulnerable populations, as they are unattractive ‘human capital’. Against this background, this article focuses on the counterintuitive case of the social investment approach to homelessness promoted by the European Commission. Through the comparison with previous EU initiatives in the homelessness field, the analysis reveals that while social investment partially replaces values-based logics with the economic rationale, it involves the same ‘solutions’ as values-oriented approaches, that is, preventing/combating homelessness can be justified interchangeably following an ‘economic’ or a ‘social’ logic. To explain this paradoxical result, the article draws from the political economy literature, which shows how disadvantage can be transformed into an investment object. Overall, this study suggests understanding social investment as a paradigm that attempts to promote the ‘social’ through its economisation.