“Our migrant” and “the other migrant”: migration discourse in the Albanian media, 2015–2018

The expansion of research on migration over recent decades has neglected sending and transit countries. Whether in terms of their internal development, their diaspora policy, their shift from primarily sending countries to (potential) transit or destination countries, or the issue of return migration and reintegration into home societies – all these topics deserve further exploration. This paper seeks to redress this by examining Albania, a sending country with almost a third of its population living externally, and which is recently shifting to a transit and potential destination country. Media discourse on migration was analysed, recalling its power to reflect as well as shape public opinion. Employing a quantitative approach, media discourse on migrants from 2015 to 2018 was examined. Some 55 web-based media were identified, along with twenty TV channels, 61 TV programs, and 317 articles. A qualitative analysis was then used to detect the tone of the discourse and gain a deeper understanding of the messages conveyed. Results showed that migration from the perspective of a sending country has dominated Albanian media discourse over the monitoring period. Major identified issues include: migration and demographic challenges, migration and multiculturalism in societies receiving Albanian migrants, and asylum seeking as a recent trend in Albanian emigration often standing in the way of potential Albanian EU membership. The regional migration “crisis” and the potential of Albania becoming a transit or destination country for refugees has only gained limited attention. The binary of “our migrant” versus “the other migrant” became a key distinction.

Defining gay-friendly city as a space of resistance for Indonesian gays in Paris and Jakarta

Migration is associated with the search for a more permissive environment. By linking Paris as a place of attachment, the author sees that Paris in this case can be indicated as the “home” for Indonesian gays. The feeling of “full gay” is a feeling that they never get when they stay in Indonesia. That is why many Indonesian gays decide to move out of Indonesia in any way regardless of the difficulties they face in the destination country. This paper answer two questions: what do we understand by “Gay-friendly city”? And if we talk about Jakarta, “can Jakarta be categorized as a gay-friendly city”? The author interviewed eight Indonesian gays directly in Paris with the naturalistic paradigm and analyzed with the qualitative research, and what will be found in this paper is the narrative of the eight informants. It can be said that the Indonesian gays who have migrated to Paris do not feel that their lives have been wasted. They do diaspora by going to gay bars and participating in gay pride parades. What they feel is a feeling of freedom to be able to channel their gender and sexual expression, and they found that Paris as a gay-friendly city is a kind of space of resistance.

Social Mobility and Spatialised Slowness

This article analyses the individual aspirations of Sierra Leoneans living in France in relation to normative expectations related to mobility. It argues that aspirations and expectations are expressions of spatialized forms of social becoming situated within broader norms concerning socially-valued forms of mobility. Aspirations to social mobility link up distinct places in a fragmented transnational field, transform them as value-laden spaces, and inform migrants’ assessment of their own trajectory within them. Individual aspirations are formulated with regard to spaces migrants have left, spaces they live in, and spaces they would like to reach. Sierra Leoneans living in France have reached a ‘destination country’ and yet, do not experience their situation as the ideal migratory path. Their achievements are measured with regard to expectations of social mobility as imagined in English-speaking spaces, thereby reinforcing the narrative of mobility and the persistence of local idioms of ‘success’ based on historical transnational connections.

Human Trafficking Crime Networks and Pastoral Efforts for Prevention

Human trafficking is human exploitation, and it contradicts the biblical message which encourages equal and harmonious relationships between humans. Therefore, efforts needed for prevention. This study aimed to expose the criminal network of trafficking in persons specifically from Southwest Sumba Regency where Malaysia is a destination country. Data analysis based on Holland and Henriot model of the pastoral circle. The method used was descriptive qualitative. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and literature studies, which were analyzed in depth. The result was that an effective pastoral action to prevent human trafficking is based on a deep understanding of trafficking in persons with adequate theological reflection.

REMITTANCES, MIGRATION, AND POVERTY. A STUDY FOR MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>In the last two decades, remittances have acquired great importance as a source of external income for various developing economies. In the particular case of Latin America, the United States represents the most important destination, with 62.1 million Latinos living there according to U.S. Census Bureau. This paper analyses the effect that migration and remittances have on poverty in Mexico and Central America. The results show that a 10% increase in migration to the United States (as a percentage of the population in the destination country) translates into an 8.6% reduction in the population living on less than US$ 1.90 a day, while the poverty gap is reduced by 12.8%. With regard to remittances, a reduction of 6.7% is observed in the poor population and 10% in relation to the poverty gap.</p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center">REMESAS, MIGRACIÓN Y POBREZA. UN ESTUDIO PARA MÉXICO Y CENTROAMÉRICA</p><p align="center"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p>Recientemente, las remesas han adquirido gran importancia como fuente de ingresos externos de diversas economías en desarrollo. En el caso particular de América Latina, Estados Unidos representa el destino más importante, con 62.1 millones de latinos viviendo en ese país según el U.S. Census Bureau. El presente trabajo analiza el efecto que tienen la migración y el envío de remesas en la pobreza de México y Centroamérica. Los resultados muestran que un incremento del 10% en la migración hacia Estados Unidos (como porcentaje de la población en el país de destino) se traduce en una reducción de 8.6% de la población que vive con menos de US$ 1.90 al día; mientras que la brecha de pobreza se reduce en 12.8%. Con relación al envío de remesas, se observa una reducción de 6.7% en la población pobre y de 10% respecto a la brecha de pobreza.</p>

Canada’s changing innovation landscape

Our objective is to study Canada’s patenting activity over time in aggregate terms by destination country, by assignee and destination country, and by diversification by country of destination. We collect bibliographic patent data from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. We identify 19,957 matched Canada–US patents, 34,032 Canada-only patents, and 43,656 US-only patents from 1980 to 2014. Telecommunications dominates in terms of International Patent Classification technologies for US-only and Canada–US patents. At the firm level, the greatest number of matched Canada–US patents were granted in the field of telecommunications, at the university level in pharmaceuticals, at the government level in control and instrumentation technology, and at the individual level in civil engineering. We use entropy to quantify technological diversification and find that diversification indices decline over time for Canada and the USA; however, all US indices decline at a faster rate.

The Impact of Labor Migration on Human Capital Development

The growing role of labor migrationis one of the most notabletrendsininternational migrationflows.Thismigration has become an important factor ineconomic development and a source of the increasing interdependence of countries and regions intoday’sglobalizedworld. It impactsmigrants’ country of origin as well as the destination country, chiefly affecting human capital in both groups of nations.This article systematizesthe positive and negative effects of labor migration focusing on humancapitalwhile suggesting asystem of indicators characterizing such effects.Special attention is paid to the analysis of policies related to suchmigration. This study explains how countries of origin and destination must carry outeffective and fair managementof labor migrationto make the most of itsbenefits at an international level.

Can a ‘3-tier Screening’ Strategy be Adopted during COVID-19 Pandemic for Safer Air Travel and to Help Curb its Spread Across Borders?

Since the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019, it spread quickly crossing geographical borders and thus affected almost the entire world. It was alarming to note its quick spread, which obviously was due to the increased frequency and ease of air travel in this era. Currently, many airlines (and countries too) have a prerequisite to have a negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test within 72 hrs. prior to boarding the flight. Although all the necessary precautions are strictly enforced during air travel, there is still a possibility that a person with a negative COVID-19 test (RT-PCR) around 72hrs prior to boarding the flight would have an infection and that the person would pass it on to fellow passengers on board and thus can further spread SARS-CoV-2 infection into the community if robust action is not initiated. There is also a subconscious apprehension among the passengers that co-passengers may have an infection on board. This is especially worrisome seeing the appearance of new variants recently. Here I present the logistics for a ‘3-tier screening’ protocol (1st test by RT-PCR within 72hrs of the flight schedule, 2nd test by rapid antigen detection method 1-5hrs prior to flight schedule, 3rd test post-arrival or to follow the destination country post-arrival protocol), which would at least provide an extra filter to separate the recently identified positive cases and thus prevent the spread of this threatening disease across the borders.

Updated Tourist Formalities as a Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Challenges and New Terrorist Threats

In the process of organizing and conducting tourist trips, travel companies and tourists perform a large number of tourist formalities. Failure to comply with at least one formality becomes an obstacle to crossing the border into the destination country, movement around the country and residence of temporary stay, and so on. The issue of their compliance during the pandemic has become particularly acute. Along with the existing tourist formalities, a number of new ones are being formed. The lack of a unified approach to the updated formalities creates significant obstacles to the resumption of Tourism. It is important to emphasize that the new tourist formalities and their analysis have not been reflected in scientific works. The article examines the impact of adding and changing tourist formalities on the development of Tourism and ensuring security, both in the host countries and in the countries of permanent residence of travellers (upon return). Much attention is paid to the peculiarities of the formation of new tourist formalities (medical and sanitary) in the countries that first started receiving Ukrainian tourists, the interdependence of changes in medical and sanitary tourist formalities with changes in the epidemiological situation is studied. Such studies allow us to identify which formalities are effective in stopping the spread of the pandemic, and which are duplicate, ineffective; they open up prospects for forming a unified approach for countries that accept tourists. At the same time, the article reveals the essence of the introduction of the ETIAS system. The article analyses the change in the security situation state, thanks to the implement of this system, and proves the need for further research on the impact of fulfilment of the ETIAS system requirements on stopping terrorist acts. A special stage for the development of domestic and international tourism was the implement of vaccination against COVID-19. There are new documents required for travellers — «vaccination passports». The article examines the impact of vaccination and the implement of an immune passport on the development of tourism during the pandemic and the post-pandemic existence of mankind. The directions, examples of implement, and stages of the process of recognizing immune passports as one of the main driving forces of tourist medical and sanitary formalities of international tourism are highlighted.