3D printed cellulose based product applications

3D printed cellulose can be applied to various fields, such as packaging, paper, construction, automotive and aerospace, separator, biomedical, electronic, sensor, and living ink applications.

SAFETY OF PAPER PACKAGING MATERIALS WITH POLYMER COATINGS

Background. Packaging materials that are intended for contact with food are subject to the strictest requirements for their safety. When choosing packaging material for such products, first of all it is necessary to ensure the required level of sanitary and hygienic characteristics. The aim of the study is to assess the safety of moisture-resistant waterproof and moisture-resistant and water-resistant waterproof PPM (paper packaging materials) with a polymer coating. Materials and methods.The object of the study is PPM, made by processing the base paper with coatings based on PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) and PAAEX (polyamidamine-pichlorohydrin). The safety of the developed packaging materials was assessed by organoleptic and physicochemical methods for the presence of foreign tastes and odors, the level of migration of vinyl acetate and epichlorohydrin, the content of zinc, lead, cadmium and microbiological indicators by standard methods. Results. Packaging paper must meet the requirements of current regulations in terms of quality, and its use is allowed subject to compliance with state sanitary norms. Studies of organoleptic characteristics of extracts of paper packaging materials did not reveal the presence of foreign tastes and odors. Determination of the amount of migration of harmful substances, namely vinyl acetate and epichlorohydrin, showed that the transition of the components of the solutions, which are impregnated with paper materials is within acceptable limits. The content of zinc and lead was 25 and 3 times less than the maximum allowed by regulations. The microbiological parameters of the developed paper packaging materials meet the regulatory requirements and allow their use for food packaging. Conclusion. Developed new types of paper packaging materials on the level of migration of toxic compounds (vinyl acetate, epichlorohydrin), heavy metal content and microbiological indicators meet the requirements for packaging both food and non-food products of pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic and other industries.

PAPER PACKAGING MATERIALS: RESISTANCE TO DESTRUCTIVE FACTORS

Background. The dynamics of change of the complex of barrier and strength properties of moisture-resistant waterproof and moisture-resistant grease-proof paper packaging materials under the influence of temperature, humidity and mechanical factors is considered. The results of tests of the developed samples of paper packaging materials during exposure in the chamber of heat and moisture aging are given. Materials and methods. Paper packaging materials of grades B-55 and ZhV-55 were obtained by surface treatment with compositions using polyamide­amine­pichlorohydrin, polyvinyl alcohol, urea and glycerin.To test for heat resis­tance and moisture resistance, the PPM samples were placed in a temperature-humidity aging chamber and kept for 900 days at a given temperature (–18, –1, +6, +18, + 25 °C) and relative humidity (45, 65, 85 %), periodically (every 180 days) determining the change in their mechanical strength and barrier properties. The resis­tance of barrier properties to the effects of repetitive mechanical loads was determined by measuring the corresponding index at the site of multiple double bends. Results. During 360 days of exposure, the test samples practically do not lose resistance to the penetration of water (B-55) and fat (ZhV-55). After this exposure period, there is an intensification of degradation processes, which is more pronounced at temperatures below 0 °C. The maximum decrease (32 %) of fat permeability was recorded at a temperature of –18 °C after 900 days of ex­posure, while at temperatures above 0 °C, at this exposure, it is not more than 4 %. The strength of the packaging paper at temperatures of –1 °C and –18 °C during the test period in waterproof materials decreased by 6 % and 12 %, and in grea­seproof – 19 % and 29 %, respectively. The higher loss of strength of fat-impermeable PPM is due to the nature of the main component of the hydro­oleophobic composition – PVA, which has a higher brittleness temperature com­pared to PAAEX in the hydrophobic composition. After 150 cycles of alternating freezing and defrosting of the samples, the destructive force of the greaseproof material ZhV-55 is reduced to 57.5 N, and the waterproof B-55 – to 63 N. The destructive force for 30 repeated cycles of tem­perature change is 70.9 N and 67.3 N, in comparison with the initial values of 72.4 and 71.8 N for waterproof (B-55) and greaseproof (ZhV-55) wrapping paper, respectively. With 50 repeated double bends, which is close to the real conditions of use of packaging paper for its intended purpose, the water permeability of the sample B-55 is reduced by 8 %, and the fat permeability of the sample ZhV-55 – by 3 %. Conclusion. The established dependences allow us to state that the main factors determining the barrier and strength properties of the developed materials are: physicochemical nature of the main components of hydrophobic and hydro­oleophobic compositions, which determines the nature of their interaction with cellulose fiber; resistance of the structure of the material to the penetration of moisture and fat, as well as its ability to withstand various mechanical loads.

POLYAMIDAMINEPICHLOROHYDRIN APPLICATION FOR ECO-SAFE WATERFAST AND WATERPROOF FOOD PACKAGING PAPER PRODUCTION

The paper presents the research results on the properties of the pulp coniferous and deciduous wood composition in its original state and paper made from it, proposes a mechanism to increase the waterfast and waterproof food packaging paper by surface treatment with a composition based on polyamidepichlorohydrin with polyvinyl alcohol and urea. The study was conducted in order to ensure an increase in the consumer properties of packaging paper, since when packaging materials encounter food products, their structure can change under the influence of moisture, steam, and gas. Polyamidaminepichlorohydrin was used as the main component of the composition for paper processing, as functional additives: polyvinyl alcohol and urea. The above-mentioned starting materials are environmentally friendly, since foreign inclusions in food packaging materials would pose a serious danger to human health and life, as well as to the brand image of the product in which they would be detected. It was proved that high waterfastness and waterproofness, as well as the necessary level of barrier, protective and operational properties of packaging material for food products cannot always be obtained by introducing a significant amount of polyamidaminepichlorohydrin, so the paper investigated the mechanism of interacting cellulose fibers of paper with polyamidaminepichlorohydrin, and also proved the possibility of its use to obtain packaging paper with a given set of properties. It was found that the consumption of up to 4–6% polyamidaminepichlorohydrin provides the main increase in the mechanical strength of packaging paper, both in wet and dry conditions. The resulting waterfast and waterproof material can be used for food packaging.

Sustainable coatings on paper for enhancing barrier properties based on hemicellulose

Coated paper with enhanced barrier properties was prepared via a simple layered self-assembly method using hemicellulose and starch as biobased coatings. Effect of the coating on properties of cellulose paper was investigated. Barrier properties of the paper was increasingly strengthened as the coating amount of hemicellulose rose. When the paper was coated with starch (10.7±0.3 g / m 2 \text{g}/{\text{m}^{2}} ) and hemicellulose (6.9±0.2 g / m 2 \text{g}/{\text{m}^{2}} ) successively, the oil resistance of the paper was increased from 0 to grade 7. Air permeability and water vapor transmittance was decreased by 93.8 % and 39.7 %, respectively. The water contact angle of the coated paper reached 91.7° when the amount of hemicellulose was 1.5±0.2 g / m 2 \text{g}/{\text{m}^{2}} . The hydrophobicity of the coated paper was superior to the original paper although it was negatively influenced by the increasing amount of hemicellulose. The improvement of barrier properties of the coated paper was mainly ascribed to the formation of a thin polymer network on paper surface through intermolecular interaction via hydrogen bonds as demonstrated in SEM and FTIR-ATR results. Moreover, tensile strength and rupture resistance of the coated paper was improved. The results offered an environmentally friendly and economical strategy for preparation of food packaging paper with good barrier properties using biobased coating materials.

PREDICTION OF INCOMING ORDERS USING THE LONG SHORT-TERM MEMORY METHOD AT PT. XYZ

Currently the need for domestic packaging paper continues to increase, driven by the level of consumer awareness about sustainable packaging. PT XYZ is a local company engaged in the Corrugated Cardboard Box (KKG) industry. So far, the problems in fulfilling incoming orders every month are not optimal with an average of about 30% inaccuracy. This is because the orders that enter cannot be predicted. As an effort to win market competition in packaging paper, PT. XYZ must improve the fulfillment of incoming orders by predicting incoming orders using the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method. The aim of this research is to provide a predictive model for incoming orders in accordance with the needs of order fulfillment to be applied to production planning. So that order fulfillment can be on time. The method used in predicting incoming orders is the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method using weighting evaluations with the lowest Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF). The test results of the LSTM method with parameter sizes of Batch: 1 Epochs: 5000 Neurons: 1 show that the RMSE for MDM products is 8.767582 and 0.287924, LNR products are 10.623984 and 0.466621, WTP products are 1.636849 and 0.361515 lower than the size of the fit parameters for other LSTM models, and the ADF Statistic value for MDM products -6.137597, LNR -6.753697, WTP -4.872927

Forming architectured paper by printing a starch patterned grid: a new low-cost approach for lightweighting packaging

To meet the environmental challenges, the use of plastic packaging must be drastically reduced. Paper-based solutions may be a credible alternative provided that their production cost is reduced. One way may be to improve the paper stiffness to weight ratio. In this work, a simple and low-cost approach is proposed, which consists in printing a patterned grid of starch at the paper surface by using a widespread printing process. With only a small quantity of starch (7 g/m2), the bending stiffness of a packaging paper of 60 g/m2 was multiplied by more than a factor three. This improvement originates from the permanent 3D shape the paper unexpectedly took after printing. The printed lines formed “valleys” whereas the unprinted zones were raised, forming “mountains”. Drying shrinkage of the starch is assumed to play a major role, in particular by inducing local buckling of the unprinted zones. In addition, the resulting 3D shape could be interestingly tuned by adjusting the grid pattern. Even if a better understanding is necessary to be able to well control the phenomena, this approach appears relevant to form “architectured” papers with improved bending resistance to weight ratio.