The Concept of Tumbuk in Javanese Gamelan Tuning

This study aimed to reveal the concept of Tumbuk in Javanese gamelan tuning, namely gamêlan agêng with Sléndro and Pélog. This study used a qualitative method with an ethical emic perspective. The data collection was done by conducting literature review, observation, interviews, and studio work, then processed with data analysis. The data analysis then was followed up through data interaction by interpreting the relationship reactions of the three elements of analysis consisting of data collection, data reduction, and data presentation. The interpretation of the data was done inductively, so that the conclusion was drawn entirely from the development of the data according to the realities of the field. The results showed that tumbuk was not only limited to a note that has the same high and low, but it is a musical concept that integrates the Sléndro and Pélog scales in the tuning of a set of gamelans. There are basically only two types of tumbuk: nêm tumbuk and lima tumbuk. Other than those, it means that they are the strut. The thing is,tumbuk has a central tone that serves as a benchmark and a supporting tone whose position strengthens the integration of each type of tumbuk. As a concept, it was found that tumbuk plays several important roles including equalizing the highs and lows of certain notes, equalizing the range of certain notes, and conditioning the range of notes or the addition of the tune.

Jews and Muslims in Dubai, Berlin, and Warsaw: Interactions, Peacebuilding Initiatives, and Improbable Encounters

What is the nature of interactions between Jews and Muslims in contemporary Dubai, Berlin, and Warsaw? The purpose of the three presented case studies is to evaluate the state of affairs and identify newly emerging trends and patterns in the given trans-urban context. The methodology is based on qualitative anthropological research, emphasising an emic perspective that centralises respondents’ own lived experiences and worldviews. The main research’s findings made evident that interactions between Muslims and Jews in each examined location are, to various extents, acknowledged, and in some cases, also embody a formative part of public discourses. Perhaps the most visible manifestations of these relations are represented by the ambitious interfaith projects that were recently established in each geographical area in focus. The Abrahamic Family House (UEA), The House of One (GE), and The Community of Conscience (PL) reveal the aspirations of multi-faith religious leaders to overcome polarising dichotomies and search for common ground. One of the conclusive outcomes of the study is a somewhat diminishing impact of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict on the Jewish–Muslim relations; however, the extent differs in each destination in focus. Finally, an unpredicted observation can be made. A surfacing inclination towards embracing a joint Muslim–Jewish Middle Eastern identity was perceived.

Cases of contemporary re-Islamization among Roma in Bulgaria

Since the beginning of the 1990s, various religious processes can be observed among the Roma community and other ethnic minorities in Bulgaria. In parallel with the conversion of Orthodox Christian and Sunni Muslim Roma to evangelical Christianity, processes of re-Islamization have also been taking place. Based on a series of legislative and judicial decisions taken by local and state institutions, cases of re-Islamization have been presented to the public as examples of the spread of radical Islam, a trend that could lead to ethnic conflicts and to the perception that the Roma are a threat to national security. Contrary to this already popular notion, the results of my ethnological study (2018-2020) among various local Roma Islamic groups in Southern Bulgaria led to a different conclusion. This paper draws attention to small groups of newly converted Turkish-speaking Roma and focuses on the emic perspective of the members of the studied groups regarding the interpretation of the new religious ideas they more or less adhere to.

From discursive resistance to new genealogies: rethinking Israelite identities in Africa through the case of Nuer Christian Zionists

Scholars have commonly interpreted the emergence of claims of Israelite descent among African peoples as attempts of marginalized communities to construct empowering identities by drawing on biblical narratives. This article tries to make sense of such claims from a more emic perspective, not as an instrumental counter-discourse but as a genuine attempt to grapple with the nature of ethnic membership and the place of certain communities in relation to biblical genealogies, time and space. The article explores the claims of Nuer members of several Evangelical Zionist churches operating in western Ethiopia and South Sudan that the Nuer are among the ‘lost tribes’ of Israel. It demonstrates how Nuer Zionists have reinterpreted Nuer identity, known for its permeability and constructivist nature, in light of contemporary premillennialist Zionist notions of history and peoplehood, which emphasize ethnic fixity and focus on lineages, exclusive bloodlines and biological descent. The article offers a new perspective on Israelite identities in Africa and on the influence of born-again Christianity on the construction of ethnic identities.

Peran Wanita dan Relasi Gender dalam Keluarga Buruh Tani Wanita di Regu Tanam Mulyo Asri Desa Pontang Kecamatan Ambulu Kabupaten Jember

This study aims to determine gender roles and gender relations in the family of female farm workers in the Mulyo Asri women's planting team in Pontang Village, Ambulu Sub-district, Jember District. The theory used in the research uses the theory of Gender. This study used a qualitative approach, with the method of determining informants using purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques in this study by means of in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation study. Methods of data analysis in this study using the analysis method of Harvard and Miles and Huberman. The data validity test used technical triangulation and source triangulation testing techniques. The results of this study are the division of labor in the family of female farm workers, which includes productive activities, reproductive activities, and social activities. From an emic perspective, the participation of a wife in work is something that is normal and often happens. From an ethical perspective, there is a gender issue, namely the existence of a heavier workload experienced by the wife. The relationship that exists in the family of female farm workers is in the form of access to control over resources and benefits carried out by the family of female farm workers in Pontang Village, Ambulu Sub-district, Jember District. Keywords: Gender Roles, Gender Relations, Farm Workers, Family

International backpackers' experiences of precarious visa-contingent farmwork

PurposeAustralia's agricultural industry has become highly dependent on young low-cost, overseas “working holiday” visa workers known as “backpackers”, who are notoriously subject to exploitative workplace practices. This study aimed to explore backpackers' experiences in terms of how job demands, job resources and personal resources influence their appraisals of working in agriculture.Design/methodology/approachIn-depth semi-structured interviews were used to explore the work experiences of N = 21 backpackers employed under the Australian Working Holiday visa (subclass 417). Data were analyzed by thematic analysis and organized in terms of job demands and resources.FindingsThis study revealed job demands commonly experienced by agricultural backpacker workers (e.g. precarity, physically strenuous work, low pay), and job resources (e.g. adequate training, feedback) and personal resources (e.g. attitude, language) that buffer the demands. The findings indicate that backpackers' appraisals of their experiences and performance decline when demands outweigh resources.Originality/valueThis study offers an emic perspective on the work of an understudied segment of the agricultural workforce. The findings have implications for improving work practices and policies aimed at attracting and retaining this important labor source in the future.

Samoświadomość metakognitywna w kształceniu sprawności pisania na studiach neofilologicznych. Na przykładzie italianistyki Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego

The paper presents the results of a survey conducted in the academic year 2018/2019 among students of Italian Studies at the University of Wroclaw on metacognitive self-consciousness concerning Italian writing proficiency. The questions concerned the students' practice of written forms of expression in their private lives; the contribution (actual or anticipated) of writing proficiency in their current and future professional career; and the evaluation of the teaching of writing proficiency within the university curriculum of Italian Studies. The study was qualitative and conducted from an emic perspective, involving students in metacognitive reflection. The results of the study indicate limited metacognitive self-consciousness on the part of the students of Italian Studies, who are not, however, devoid of any criticism of the practical Italian language course curriculum.

Chinese entrepreneurs’ experience of social media marketing: perception, strategy and challenge

Purpose This paper aims to explore Chinese entrepreneurs’ perceptions and interpretations of social media marketing (SMM) in their daily business practices. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was adopted to explore the phenomenon. Specifically, 18 in-depth interviews were conducted among Chinese entrepreneurs to obtain their experiences of and perceptions on SMM. Findings Findings revealed that Chinese entrepreneurs have good understandings of SMM. They believe SMM is a necessary way to interact with customers and SMM can provide flexibility and sensitivity which are important for entrepreneurial marketing and are not easy to achieve through traditional marketing activities. When they choose social media applications, they will match the purpose of marketing activity with the characteristics of the social media. They have developed the specific strategies for different social media applications. In the meantime, they are facing some challenges, such as breaking the communication clutter, measuring the results and over depending on social media. Originality/value Findings of the current study extend the uses and gratifications theory to the context of business-oriented media usage. In addition, findings of the study expand previous literature by enriching the theoretical understanding of the concept of entrepreneur and entrepreneurial marketing in new social and cultural contexts. Finally, findings of the current study also supplement previous research on social media advertising by uncovering rich meanings of SMM from business owners’ emic perspective.

A zoosemiotic approach to the transactional model of communication

The analysis of social communication in other-than-human animals poses several theoretical challenges due to the complexity of individual and extra-individual variables. Some previous studies have found a valuable solution in Uexküll’s work by expanding and adapting its usage for the study of communication in a heurtistic manner. An Umwelt analysis provides a theoretical toolbox, which allows researchers to take an emic perspective on the lives and phenomenal world of other animals. However, Umwelt and its elaborations do not allow for a clear distinction between acts of perception and communication and seem to ignore factors that escape the specific communication contexts under analysis. Thus, moving away from the existing linear and cyclical approaches to communication, we propose a complementary approach to the study of social communication by combining Barnlund’s transactional model of communication with Umwelt theory and the functional circle more specifically. Our elaborated model conceives social communication as the process of creating meaning through the interaction of two (or more) subjects and emphasizes the role of species-specific and individual features in its creation. Our goal is to re-evaluate the research on social communication of other-than-human animals by advocating for the theoretical and empirical potential of Umwelt, especially pertaining to animals with complex Umwelten. Our model offers a valuable solution to the analysis of intraspecies communication that accounts for the role of private and public cues as well as the subjects’ specific behaviors, messages, and context in the creation of meaning.

SENI BENJANG GULAT SEBAGAI SIMBOL IDENTITAS BUDAYA MASYARAKAT UJUNG BERUNG

ABSTRAK Artikel ini berisi hasil penelitian mengenai perkembangan Benjang dan struktur keseniannya, pemaknaan masyarakat Ujung Berung terhadap Benjang Gulat, serta analsis terhadap simbol identitas budaya masyarakat Ujung Berung yang terdapat dalam Benjang Gulat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif melalui pengolahan data menggunakan teknik triangulasi. Analisis yang dilakukan menekankan identitas budaya sebagai konsep utama, serta teori interpretivisme simbolik sebagai pisau bedah dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ditinjau menggunakan sudut pandang etik dan emik, menemukan bahwa masyarakat Ujung Berung memaknai Benjang Gulat sebagai sesuatu yang penting dalam kehidupan mereka dan sudah menjadi ciri khas yang melekat dalam kebudayaan masyarakatnya, Benjang Gulat identik dengan masyarakat Ujung Berung, begitupun masyarakat Ujung Berung yang identik dengan keberadaan Benjang Gulat. Oleh karena itu, Benjang Gulat dimaknai sebagai simbol identitas budaya masyarakat Ujung Berung.Kata Kunci: Benjang Gulat, Ujung Berung, Identitas Budaya ABSTRACT This article is about the development of Benjang and a structure of Benjang, the interpretation of Ujung Berung community to Benjang Gulat, and the analysis of the cultural identity symbols of Ujung Berung attached to Benjang Gulat. This study is conducted by using qualitative descriptive method with tabulation of data by using tringulasi technique. The analysis focused on cultural identity as the main concept, with the symbolic interpretivism as a theoritical framework for this study. The results are analyzed in etic and emic perspective. The results are analyzed in etic and emic perspective. The results are, Benjang Gulat is the important symbol for Ujung Berung community, that has been identified in their cultural activities, so it can be concluded that Benjang Gulat means a cultural identity symbols of Ujung Berungcommunity.Keywords: Benjang Gulat, Ujung Berung, Cultural Identity