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Diagnostics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Sabrina Cherubini ◽  
Mariagrazia Perilli ◽  
Anna Maria Azzini ◽  
Evelina Tacconelli ◽  
Laura Maccacaro ◽  
...  

Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are important reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria which colonize patients transferred from the hospital, or they may emerge in the facility as a result of mutation or gene transfer. In the present study, we characterized, from a molecular point of view, 43 E. coli strains collected from residents of LTCFs in Northern Italy. The most common lineage found was ST131, followed by sporadic presence of ST12, ST69, ST48, ST95, ST410 and ST1193. All strains were incubators of several virulence factors, with iss, sat, iha and senB being found in 84%, 72%, 63% and 51% of E. coli, respectively. Thirty of the ST131 analyzed were of the O25b:H4 serotype and H30 subclone. The ST131 isolates were found to be mainly associated with IncF plasmids, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27 and gyrA/parC/parE mutations. Metallo-β-lactamases were not found in ST131, whereas KPC-3 carbapenemase was found only in two ST131 and one ST1193. In conclusion, we confirmed the spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in E. coli ST131 isolated from colonized residents living inside LTCFs. The ST131 represents an incubator of fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and other antibiotic resistance genes in addition to different virulence factors.


2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda B. Kagan ◽  
Blake S. Moses ◽  
Bryan T. Mott ◽  
Ganesha Rai ◽  
Nicole M. Anders ◽  
...  

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a devastating disease, with low cure rates despite intensive standard chemotherapy regimens. In the past decade, targeted antileukemic drugs have emerged from research efforts. Nevertheless, targeted therapies are often effective for only a subset of patients whose leukemias harbor a distinct mutational or gene expression profile and provide only transient antileukemic responses as monotherapies. We previously presented single agent and combination preclinical data for a novel 3-carbon-linked artemisinin-derived dimer (3C-ART), diphenylphosphate analog 838 (ART838), that indicates a promising approach to treat AML, given its demonstrated synergy with targeted antileukemic drugs and large therapeutic window. We now report new data from our initial evaluation of a structurally distinct class of 2-carbon-linked dimeric artemisinin-derived analogs (2C-ARTs) with prior documented in vivo antimalarial activity. These 2C-ARTs have antileukemic activity at low (nM) concentrations, have similar cooperativity with other antineoplastic drugs and comparable physicochemical properties to ART838, and provide a viable path to clinical development.


2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 758
Author(s):  
Xiubing Gao ◽  
Xianfeng Hu ◽  
Feixu Mo ◽  
Yi Ding ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
...  

Using of plant essential oil that coevolved as a defense mechanism against agriculture insects is an alternative means of controlling many insect pests. In order to repel brown planthoppers (BPHs), the most notorious rice insect pest, a new film based on guar gum incorporated with citral (GC film) was formulated, which was effective while being environmentally friendly. In this paper, the effect and mechanism of GC film repellency against BPHs were determined. Repellent activity test and olfactory reaction analysis showed that GC film had repellency effect against BPHs, with repellency of 60.00% and 73.93%, respectively. The result of olfactory reaction indicated that GC film repellency against BPHs relied on smell. EPG analysis showed the proportion and mean duration of np waveform were significantly higher than in CK and increased following the treatment concentration, which indicated that GC film affected the recognition of BPHs to rice. Further analysis by RNA sequencing analysis showed a total of 679 genes were significantly upregulated and 284 genes were significantly downregulated in the BPHs fed on the rice sprayed with GC film compared to control. Odorant-binding protein (OBP) gene 797 and gustatory receptor gene (GR)/odorant receptor (OR) gene 13110 showed a significant decrease in differential expression and significant increase in differential expression, respectively. There were 0.66 and 2.55 differential expression multiples between treated BPHs and control, respectively. According to the results described above, we reasoned that GC film repellency against BPHs due to smell, by release of citral, caused the recognition difficulties for BPHs to rice, and OBP gene 797 and GR/OR gene 13110 appeared to be the crucial candidate genes for GC film repellency against BPHs. The present study depicted a clear and consistent repellency effect for GC film against BPHs and preliminarily clarified the mechanism of GC film as a repellent against BPHs, which might offer an alternative approach for control of BPHs in the near future. Our results could also help in the development and improvement of GC films.


Author(s):  
Rafał Bielas ◽  
Paulina Maksym ◽  
Karol Erfurt ◽  
Barbara Hachuła ◽  
Robert Gawecki ◽  
...  

AbstractStar-shaped glycopolymers due to the attractive combination of the physicochemical, morphological, self-assembly properties along with biological activity have gained increased attention as innovative agents in novel cancer therapies. Unfortunately, the production of these highly desirable biomaterials remains a challenge in modern macromolecular chemistry. The main reason for that is the low polymerizability of ionic glycomonomers originated from their steric congestion and the occurrence of ionic interactions that generally negatively influence the polymerization progress and hinder controllable reaction pathway. In this work, the new ionic sugar monomer was (co)polymerized for the first time via Activator Generated by Electron Transfer Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (AGET ATRP) using a three-arm resveratrol-based core to obtain star-like (co)polymers. The obtained products were examined in terms of their physicochemical properties and morphology. Aside from the synthesis of these new glycopolymers, also a thorough description of their thermal properties, ability to self-assembly, the formation of stable superstructures was studied in detail. It was found that examined (co)polymers did not show any heterogeneities and phase separation, while their variation of glass transition temperature (Tg) was strictly related to the change in the number of glycomonomer. Also, the stability and shapes of formed superstructures strictly depend on their composition and topology. Finally, we have shown that synthesized carbohydrate-based polymers revealed high antiproliferative activity against several cancer cell lines (i.e., breast, colon, glioma, and lung cancer). The cytotoxic activity was particularly observed for star-shaped polymers that were systematically enhanced with the growing concentration of amine moieties and molecular weight. The results presented herein suggest that synthesized star-shaped glyco(co)polymers are promising as drug or gene carriers in anticancer therapies or anti-tumor agents, depending on their cytotoxicity. Graphical abstract


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Umair Masood ◽  

In biology mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequences of the DNA of an organism Mainly there are three types of mutation: point mutation, deletion and insertions. Once the mutation has been defined allele specific oligonucleotide hybridization, amplification, heteroduplex formation method referred to as a diagnostic method some advance technique like CRISPR cas9 system is using for selected mutagenesis. Using restriction method system we can detect a mutation. Let’s say you have a DNA sample with fluorescent labeled from patient and you want to make sure that gene you are interested is in healthy gene. We can design different short fragment sequences to scan through DNA or find specific gene or mutation. The sequences scan the DNA if the sequences does not find targeted gene it does not bind to it its means that no fluorescence color appears under UV-light each different short fragment sequences is label with different colors. If the different short fragments sequence does not bind to the DNA or specific gene or area this means that there will be no color appear under UV light this part or gene will be separated from the DNA by using Restriction enzyme to do a Sanger sequencing gel electrophoresis. Result of the Sanger sequencing will provide the information about sequence of unknown part or gene of the DNA this method is easier and cost economic method instead of Next generation sequencing method [1-7].


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudi Appels ◽  
Penghao Wang ◽  
Shahidul Islam

We review the coordinated production and integration of the RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA) and protein (ribosomal protein, RP) components of wheat cytoplasmic ribosomes in response to changes in genetic constitution, biotic and abiotic stresses. The components examined are highly conserved and identified with reference to model systems such as human, Arabidopsis, and rice, but have sufficient levels of differences in their DNA and amino acid sequences to form fingerprints or gene haplotypes that provide new markers to associate with phenotype variation. Specifically, it is argued that populations of ribosomes within a cell can comprise distinct complements of rRNA and RPs to form units with unique functionalities. The unique functionalities of ribosome populations within a cell can become central in situations of stress where they may preferentially translate mRNAs coding for proteins better suited to contributing to survival of the cell. In model systems where this concept has been developed, the engagement of initiation factors and elongation factors to account for variation in the translation machinery of the cell in response to stresses provided the precedents. The polyploid nature of wheat adds extra variation at each step of the synthesis and assembly of the rRNAs and RPs which can, as a result, potentially enhance its response to changing environments and disease threats.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cintia Jozefkowicz ◽  
Cristina Gómez ◽  
Ariel Odorizzi ◽  
Anelia Iantcheva ◽  
Pascal Ratet ◽  
...  

Most major crops are polyploid species and the production of genetically engineered cultivars normally requires the introgression of transgenic or gene-edited traits into elite germplasm. Thus, a main goal of plant research is the search of systems to identify dominant mutations. In this article, we show that the Tnt1 element can be used to identify dominant mutations in allogamous tetraploid cultivated alfalfa. Specifically, we show that a single allelic mutation in the MsNAC39 gene produces multifoliate leaves (mfl) alfalfa plants, a pivot trait of breeding programs of this forage species. Finally, we discuss the potential application of a combination of preliminary screening of beneficial dominant mutants using Tnt1 mutant libraries and genome editing via the CRISPR/Cas9 system to identify target genes and to rapidly improve both autogamous and allogamous polyploid crops.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fakhriddin N. Kushanov ◽  
Ozod S. Turaev ◽  
Dilrabo K. Ernazarova ◽  
Bunyod M. Gapparov ◽  
Barno B. Oripova ◽  
...  

Cotton genetic resources contain diverse economically important traits that can be used widely in breeding approaches to create of high-yielding elite cultivars with superior fiber quality and adapted to biotic and abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, the creation of new cultivars using conventional breeding methods is limited by the cost and proved to be time consuming process, also requires a space to make field observations and measurements. Decoding genomes of cotton species greatly facilitated generating large-scale high-throughput DNA markers and identification of QTLs that allows confirmation of candidate genes, and use them in marker-assisted selection (MAS)-based breeding programs. With the advances of quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and genome-wide-association study approaches, DNA markers associated with valuable traits significantly accelerate breeding processes by replacing the selection with a phenotype to the selection at the DNA or gene level. In this review, we discuss the evolution and genetic diversity of cotton Gossypium genus, molecular markers and their types, genetic mapping and QTL analysis, application, and perspectives of MAS-based approaches in cotton breeding.


Author(s):  
Parisa Naji ◽  
Maryam Behfar ◽  
Arefeh Jafarian ◽  
Amir Ali Hamidieh

FA is a rare, multi-organ cancer-prone IBMFS associated with hematological malignancies and STs. The androgen therapy, hematopoietic growth factors, HSCT, and GT, still in the clinical trial, are various treatments for this disease. Here, we aimed to compare the advantages and disadvantages of HSCT and GT in FA cures. We perform an advanced electronic search of “FA” AND (genetics OR treatment OR HSCT OR GT OR Mosaicism), and “Allo-HSCT” AND (conditioning regimen OR complications OR GvHD OR infection OR cost) MeSH terms in non-citation and citation databases. Besides, the gray literature was searched too. This article will provide a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of HSCT and GT of FA disease. Our results show that GT has a good potential in FA treatments in the future. Furthermore, it has higher advantages and fewer disadvantages in comparison with HSCT. Systematic Review Registration: CRD42021247364 ID on PROSPERO database.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna Pal ◽  
Abantika Pal ◽  
Pradyumna Baviskar

Avian influenza is a disease with every possibility to evolve as a human-to-human pandemic arising out of frequent mutations and genetic reassortment or recombination of avian influenza (AI) virus. The greatest concern is that till date, no satisfactory medicine or vaccines are available, leading to massive culling of poultry birds, causing huge economic loss and ban on export of chicken products, which emphasizes the need to develop an alternative strategy for control of AI. In the current study, we attempt to explore the molecular mechanism of innate immune potential of ducks against avian influenza. In the present study, we have characterized immune response molecules such as duck TLR3, TLR7, and RIGI that are predicted to have potent antiviral activities against the identified strain of avian influenza through in silico studies (molecular docking) followed by experimental validation with differential mRNA expression analysis. Future exploitation may include immunomodulation with the recombinant protein, and transgenic or gene-edited chicken resistant to bird flu.


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