Refining the maturity principle of personality development by examining facets, close others, and co-maturation

Across adulthood, people tend to experience psychologically adaptive personality trait change, a robust finding known as the maturity principle of personality development. We identify three open areas of inquiry regarding personality maturation and address them in a pre-registered study, using a sample of US adults ages 30-70 who completed a battery of personality questionnaires and were rated by two close others twice over an 11-to-16 year period (Nwave1 = 1,785, Nwave2 = 401). First, it is unclear whether the maturity principle applies to narrower facet-level traits, as there has been little research into facet development across adulthood. We examined 47 facet scales and found that most developed adaptively across ages 30-70, but some did not mature, and three healthy facets (Activity, Openness to Feelings, and Social Potency) declined significantly across adulthood, counter to the maturity principle. Second, no longitudinal research has tested whether personality maturation is perceived similarly by close others. We compared self- and other- rated development and found that close others perceived greater maturation than the self in Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and five facets. Finally, few studies have examined whether traits co-mature in adulthood. We found that correlated change between healthy facets was small in magnitude. Additionally, we found tighter co-maturation in other-reported development than self-reported development. We use these results and past research to expand and refine our understanding of personality maturation across adulthood.

The Words of Affectivity. Affect, Category, and Social Evaluation Norms for 400 Polish Adjectives

Emotional adjectives can be grouped into two main categories: denoting and connoting stable (personality) traits and denoting and connoting transient (mood) states. They relate closely to the concept of affectivity, which is a pervasive tendency to experience moods of positive or negative valence. They constitute a rich study material for personality and affect psychology and neuroscience. Thus, this study was designed to establish a normed list of emotional adjectives with ratings encompassing four dimensions: emotional valence (positive or negative), emotional arousal (low-arousing or high-arousing), category (state, trait, and hybrid), and social judgment (competence, morality, and mixed). The adjectives were preselected based on previous broad Polish norming studies, personality and mood questionnaires, and a dictionary study. The results of the study were drawn from 195 participants who rated 400 adjectives that were chosen based on similar linguistic variables, such as frequency and word length. The dataset measures were proven to be stable and reliable. Correlations between the emotional valence and state-trait, valence and competence-morality, and emotional arousal and competence-morality dimensions were found. The study was successful in preparing a dataset of well-categorized (state, trait, and hybrid) positive and negative adjectives of moderate to high arousal ratings. Since the words were matched on linguistic variables, the set provided useful material that can be readily used for research into the effects of the category and emotional dimensions on language processing and as a basis for new personality questionnaires and mood checklists. The dataset could also be seen as a supplement for broader sets of published normed materials in Polish that link emotion and language.

Understanding Aggressive Driving: The Role of Personality and Individual Differences

The goal of the present study was to examine the role of personality and individual differences on aggressive driving. It was hypothesized that personality and individual differences would be significantly related to aggressive driving behavior. A sample of n = 252 participants from a southeastern university and surrounding community were required to complete a series of driving questionnaires; the ADBQ, DBQ, and CFQ-D; and a series of personality questionnaires; the IPIP-NEO-PIR and BFI. Our results indicated that personality factors and individual differences significantly predicted aggressive driving outcomes. These results provided a preliminary personality based characteristic profile of the aggressive driver. These results also support the use of trait anger and trait cooperation independently from the subscales they are derived from (Neuroticism and Agreeableness) to predict aggressive driving behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

PERSONALITY VARIABLES IN RELATION TO THE EFFECT OF FEEDBACK ON THE EFFECT OF OVERCONFIDENCE

This research examined which personality variables potentially moderated the effect of feedback on the Overconfidence effect. Research sample consisted of Slovak teachers (n = 223) from across school levels, who were randomly allocated into one of the three groups, out of which two were experimental and one was control. Each group of participants filled in three personality questionnaires, the Reading Literacy Test, and questions on the Overconfidence effect. The first experimental group was given a real feedback on their achieved performance, the second experimental group was given an inaccurate feedback and the control group did not receive any feedback. It was pointed out that despite high mutual correlation between chosen personality variables, no relation was demonstrated between the Overconfidence effect and optimism, neuroticism, or participant’s self-evaluation. The results show that the impact of real feedback on the Overestimation effect depends on the level of neuroticism. Results suggested that the type of feedback on the Overconfidence effect is not moderated by the level of optimism. At the same time, the impact of real feedback on the Overconfidence effect is partially moderated by the level of self-evaluation and the impact of inaccurate feedback on the Overconfidence effect is not moderated by the level of self-evaluation. Keywords: moderation analysis, overconfidence effect, effect of experience, personality variables

Relacje online. Ekstrawersja i inteligencja emocjonalna w kontekście wybranych aspektów komunikacji internetowej

Interpersonal communication is a dynamic, complex process, and is conditioned by many factors, among which one of the most important roles is played by the personality of interaction partners. The article presents results of research on the influence of extraversion and emotional intelligence on selected aspects of communication when the process is mediated by the Internet. The study involved young adults (N = 51) aged 21–27 (M = 24.27; SD = 1.65; Md = 24), mostly women (Nk = 26; K/M = 1.08), who responded to the invitation to the study published on Facebook. The survey was conducted in the period from December 2019 to February 2020, through Messenger and GoogleForms to collect the results in personality questionnaires. On the basis of the correlation coefficients obtained, it can be assumed that the level of extraversion (r = .397, p = .002; r = 414, p < .001 and the level of emotional intelligence (r = .331, p = .009; r = .411, p < .001) may be responsible for the expression of emotions and productivity of the speech in an intermediary conversation. Due to the results of the conducted research, we put forward a thesis that the mediation of contact with another person thanks to the currently developed systems of smileys, does not lead to impoverishment of the emotional layer of the message.

Detecting faking-good response style in personality questionnaires with four choice alternatives

Deliberate attempts to portray oneself in an unrealistic manner are commonly encountered in the administration of personality questionnaires. The main aim of the present study was to explore whether mouse tracking temporal indicators and machine learning models could improve the detection of subjects implementing a faking-good response style when answering personality inventories with four choice alternatives, with and without time pressure. A total of 120 volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups and asked to respond to the Virtuous Responding (VR) validity scale of the PPI-R and the Positive Impression Management (PIM) validity scale of the PAI via a computer mouse. A mixed design was implemented, and predictive models were calculated. The results showed that, on the PIM scale, faking-good participants were significantly slower in responding than honest respondents. Relative to VR items, PIM items are shorter in length and feature no negations. Accordingly, the PIM scale was found to be more sensitive in distinguishing between honest and faking-good respondents, demonstrating high classification accuracy (80–83%).

Characteristics and Welfare of Long-Term Shelter Dogs

To identify characteristics that distinguish long-term (LT: stay > 1 year) from short-term shelter dogs (ST: ≤5 months) and to investigate if a long-term stay impairs welfare, we compared ST and LT dogs in Austrian no-kill shelters. Analyses including characteristics such as breed, sex, or age (shelter records), problem behaviour, and personality (questionnaires completed by staff) showed that LT dogs were significantly more often a “dangerous breed”, male, and older when admitted to the shelter. They were rated higher on “aggression” and “high arousal” and lower on the personality dimension “amicability”. A welfare assessment protocol including reaction toward humans (Shelter Quality Protocol), and in-kennel observations were used to assess the effect of the long-term stay. LT dogs tended to show more signs of aggression toward an unfamiliar human, but welfare assessment revealed no difference. During resting periods, LT dogs spent more time resting head up and had more bouts resting head down. Prior to feeding, they stood, vocalised, and yawned more. LT dogs are characterised by specific features such as being aroused easily and having difficulties to relax. Whether this is a result of the long-term stay or personality-associated, consequently causing lower adoption rates, remains to be determined.

Spotting the “Ideal” Personality Response

Forced choice (FC) personality questionnaires attempt to constrain job applicants from presenting idealized responses (or “faking”). FC questionnaires are designed by identifying items equally desirable in applicants, matching these into “blocks,” and instructing respondents to rank the items “most like” themselves. Nonetheless, how closely items should be matched remains unclear, and desirability seems dependent on the job. We investigated how strongly respondents ( N = 436) agreed regarding the “ideal” applicant response, while varying (a) how closely items were matched into blocks and (b) the job context. While the most closely matched blocks elicited slight agreement on an ideal response, agreement increased noticeably with poorer matching. Nonetheless, differences in item desirability between different job conditions were evident even in closely matched blocks.

Pemahaman Konseptual dan Prosedural Siswa SMA/MA dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Program Linier Berdasarkan Tipe Kepribadian

This study aimed to describe the conceptual and procedural comprehension to solve linear program story problems in students who are an extrovert and an introvert. This was qualitative study with a case study method. The subjects were two students who are an extrovert and an introvert. Data collection included personality questionnaires, question tests, and interviews. Validity test of the data used time triangulation. Data analysis was conducted based on indicators of conceptual and procedural comprehension, which include data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the extroverted subject was able to meet all indicators of conceptual and procedural comprehension. This was reflected from the way the subject solved the questions properly according to the existing procedures. In contrast, the introverted student was also able to meet the procedural comprehension indicators, but did not meet the conceptual comprehension indicator. This was reflected from the mistakes that the subject made in comprehending the questions and the errors in interpreting the questions into mathematical model.

Personality Trait Analysis in Social Networks Based on Weakly Supervised Learning of Shared Images

Social networks have attracted the attention of psychologists, as the behavior of users can be used to assess personality traits, and to detect sentiments and critical mental situations such as depression or suicidal tendencies. Recently, the increasing amount of image uploads to social networks has shifted the focus from text to image-based personality assessment. However, obtaining the ground-truth requires giving personality questionnaires to the users, making the process very costly and slow, and hindering research on large populations. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to predict which images are most associated with each personality trait of the OCEAN personality model, without requiring ground-truth personality labels. Namely, we present a weakly supervised framework which shows that the personality scores obtained using specific images textually associated with particular personality traits are highly correlated with scores obtained using standard text-based personality questionnaires. We trained an OCEAN trait model based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), learned from 120K pictures posted with specific textual hashtags, to infer whether the personality scores from the images uploaded by users are consistent with those scores obtained from text. In order to validate our claims, we performed a personality test on a heterogeneous group of 280 human subjects, showing that our model successfully predicts which kind of image will match a person with a given level of a trait. Looking at the results, we obtained evidence that personality is not only correlated with text, but with image content too. Interestingly, different visual patterns emerged from those images most liked by persons with a particular personality trait: for instance, pictures most associated with high conscientiousness usually contained healthy food, while low conscientiousness pictures contained injuries, guns, and alcohol. These findings could pave the way to complement text-based personality questionnaires with image-based questions.