avoidance behaviors
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2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha P. Bento ◽  
Amy E. Hale ◽  
Rachael Coakley

Chronic pain is pain that lasts for more than 3 months. About one quarter of kids and teens have this type of pain. Chronic pain includes problems like frequent headaches, stomachaches, or ongoing joint or muscle pain and it often interferes with kids’ sleep, school, activities, and friendships. Even though chronic pain can have a big impact on kids’ lives, “chronic” does not mean “permanent.” Most kids recover from chronic pain. However, many kids are surprised to hear that a part of getting better involves learning a group of skills that are based in psychology. These skills include a combination of mind-body relaxation techniques and strategies for breaking the cycles of pain focused thoughts and avoidance behaviors. Learning these skills helps to boost feelings of comfort, lowers pain, and gets kids back to doing the things they love!


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
José Precioso ◽  
Isabel Sousa ◽  
Carolina Araújo ◽  
Cláudia Correia ◽  
José Cunha-Machado ◽  
...  

One of the sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations is to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all. Tobacco consumption is a serious health problem that affects smokers and non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS), particularly children. This study aims to describe parental perceptions of smoke-free rules, to analyze parental awareness about health risks associated with children’s exposure to SHS, and to describe the prevalence of avoidance behaviors related to tobacco smoke, according to parental smoking status. This study includes 1175 parents from a representative sample of 1511 Portuguese children aged 4 to 9 years old in 2016. Parents who were non-smokers reported a higher level of agreement regarding smoke-free rules at home, inside the car, at playgrounds, and near the school entrance than smokers. A higher percentage of nonsmoking parents agreed that children whose parents smoke at home are more likely to become smokers themselves. Nonsmoking parents reported adopting more avoidance behaviors regarding exposure to SHS. The findings indicate that parental exposure perceptions and avoidance behaviors towards SHS were lower and less frequent among smokers. Health education, smoking cessation programs and smoking bans are needed to raise parental awareness and to protect children from SHS exposure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 265-265
Author(s):  
Jonathon Vivoda ◽  
Lisa Molnar ◽  
David Eby ◽  
Carolyn DiGuiseppi ◽  
Vanya Jones ◽  
...  

Abstract Aging is associated with an increase in avoidance of challenging driving situations (e.g., driving at night, during rush hour, on freeways, and in unfamiliar areas). Such avoidance behavior may be due to driving self-regulation (SR), an intentional response to perceived declining abilities, or it may be due to other factors such as lifestyle changes or preferences. Most previous research has not studied SR as the reason for avoidance, and has treated avoidance behaviors interchangeably. In addition, previous research has not differentiated one’s first SR behavior from those reported later in the process. This study included 1,557 participants from the AAA Longitudinal Research on Aging Drivers (LongROAD) to assess older adults’ initial self-regulatory behavior by comparing the frequency of nighttime, rush hour, freeway, and unfamiliar area avoidance among those who reported only one SR behavior. Nighttime SR was most common (58.8%), followed by rush hour (25.5%), unfamiliar areas (11.0%), and freeways (4.8%). Binary logistic regression was used to assess how demographics, function, and self-reported driving variables were related to different odds of reporting nighttime vs. rush hour avoidance (the two most common) as one’s initial SR behavior. Higher odds of reporting nighttime avoidance (compared to rush hour) as one’s initial SR behavior were related to female gender, low income, impaired visual acuity, better self-reported ability to see during the day, worse self-reported ability to see at night, less comfort driving at night, and more comfort driving during rush hour, and in unfamiliar areas.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
Athena Koumoutzis ◽  
Jonathon Vivoda ◽  
Jiawei Cao

Abstract Informal caregivers often provide transportation assistance as older adult care recipients (CRs) begin regulating their driving (e.g., avoid certain driving situations, decrease/cease driving). This study examined how caregiver and CR driving frequency and CR’s driving avoidance behaviors impact caregiving intensity. Using data from Round 7 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study and the linked National Survey of Caregiving (n=1048 dyads), results indicated that caregiving intensity was highest among caregivers who drove everyday (5.38 hours) and for CRs who had not driven in the last month/did not drive (4.65 hours). Negative binomial regression techniques were used to assess and compare driving-related predictors. Compared to CRs who reported no avoidance of nighttime driving, caregivers of CRs who do not drive at all can expect to provide about 36% more hours of caregiving per day. Caregiving intensity was not significantly related to CR’s driving alone, on the highway, or in bad weather avoidance behaviors. CRs who drove every day, most days, and rarely required between 33% and 40% fewer expected hours per day of caregiving compared to CRs who had not driven in the past month. The expected number of hours spent providing care per day was 36% higher among caregivers who drove the care recipient every day, 28% higher among most-day drivers, and 30% higher among those who never drove as opposed to caregivers who drove some days per week. Results suggest that caregiving intensity is related more to caregiver and CR driving frequency than CR driving avoidance behaviors.


Food Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 102166
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Jill J. McCluskey ◽  
R. Karina Gallardo ◽  
Michael P. Brady

Author(s):  
Quan Li ◽  
Shi Shang ◽  
Xizhe Pei ◽  
Qingfan Wang ◽  
Qing Zhou ◽  
...  

The active behaviors of pedestrians, such as avoidance motions, affect the resultant injury risk in vehicle–pedestrian collisions. However, the biomechanical features of these behaviors remain unquantified, leading to a gap in the development of biofidelic research tools and tailored protection for pedestrians in real-world traffic scenarios. In this study, we prompted subjects (“pedestrians”) to exhibit natural avoidance behaviors in well-controlled near-real traffic conflict scenarios using a previously developed virtual reality (VR)-based experimental platform. We quantified the pedestrian–vehicle interaction processes in the pre-crash phase and extracted the pedestrian postures immediately before collision with the vehicle; these were termed the “pre-crash postures.” We recorded the kinetic and kinematic features of the pedestrian avoidance responses—including the relative locations of the vehicle and pedestrian, pedestrian movement velocity and acceleration, pedestrian posture parameters (joint positions and angles), and pedestrian muscle activation levels—using a motion capture system and physiological signal system. The velocities in the avoidance behaviors were significantly different from those in a normal gait (p < 0.01). Based on the extracted natural reaction features of the pedestrians, this study provides data to support the analysis of pedestrian injury risk, development of biofidelic human body models (HBM), and design of advanced on-vehicle active safety systems.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Joana Leitão ◽  
Maya Burckhardt ◽  
Patrik Vuilleumier

Abstract Motivation is an important feature of emotion. By driving approach to positive events and promoting avoidance of negative stimuli, motivation drives adaptive actions and goal pursuit. The amygdala has been associated with a variety of affective processes, particularly the appraisal of stimulus valence that is assumed to play a crucial role in the generation of approach and avoidance behaviors. Here, we measured amygdala functional connectivity patterns while participants played a video game manipulating goal conduciveness through the presence of good, neutral, or bad monsters. As expected, good versus bad monsters elicited opposing motivated behaviors, whereby good monsters induced more approach and bad monsters triggered more avoidance. These opposing directional behaviors were paralleled by increased connectivity between the amygdala and medial brain areas, such as the OFC and posterior cingulate, for good relative to bad, and between amygdala and caudate for bad relative to good monsters. Moreover, in both conditions, individual connectivity strength between the amygdala and medial prefrontal regions was positively correlated with brain scores from a latent component representing efficient goal pursuit, which was identified by a partial least square analysis determining the multivariate association between amygdala connectivity and behavioral motivation indices during gameplay. At the brain level, this latent component highlighted a widespread pattern of amygdala connectivity, including a dorsal frontoparietal network and motor areas. These results suggest that amygdala-medial prefrontal interactions captured the overall subjective relevance of ongoing events, which could consecutively drive the engagement of attentional, executive, and motor circuits necessary for implementing successful goal-pursuit, irrespective of approach or avoidance directions.


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