Public Law Restrictions in the Context of 3D Land Administration—Review on Legal and Technical Approaches

Intense exploitation of land implies the development of multi-level, multi-purpose, overlapping and interlocking structures on 3D space, thus resulting in complex, stratified, 3D real property rights between individual owners, as well as restrictions. Legislation regulates the ownership status and use of land by imposing restrictions known as Public Law Restrictions (PLRs). PLRs extend to various fields and various legislative frameworks, such as the protection of archaeological sites, protection and maintenance of underground infrastructures and utilities, environmental protection, flying of unmanned air vehicles, etc. PLRs are usually investigated in the context of property rights and restrictions in the various Land Administration Systems worldwide, and do not often gain specific attention. However, it is noticed that the restrictions that arise from Public Law need to be investigated and classified, so that they can be better utilised in the property status of land ownership. This review paper investigates the legal statutes on PLRs within the context of 3D land administration and the stipulations used to provide unambiguous modelling of PLRs, as provided by the relative literature. Moreover, the PLRs applied in the 3D space, to clearly depict rights, restrictions and responsibilities on the relevant spatial unit (land, air, marine parcel, mine, utility network, etc.), are particularly examined. Therefore, this work is to critically review and assess the aforementioned approaches on PLRs’ registration, modelling and organisation, as provided by a literature survey, and provides an overall view of the requirements and challenges within the development of 3D Land Administration Systems also considering standardisation developments.

PERAN NOTARIS DALAM PEMANFAATAN RUANG BAWAH TANAH UNTUK SARANA JARINGAN UTILITAS TERPADU DI DKI JAKARTA

Peningkatan bonus demografi di Indonesia menyebabkan jumlah permukaan lahan untuk dimanfaatkan ruangnya dalam menggerakan roda ekonomi semakin sempit. Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta yang menjadi pusat bisnis dalam menghadapi masalah keterbatasan lahan perlu memanfaatkan ruang bawah tanah yang ada. Keberadaan ruang bawah tanah pada praktiknya dimanfaatkan untuk sarana jaringan utilitas terpadu agar pemanfaatan lahan menjadi lebih optimal. Sebelum adanya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 pemanfaatan ruang bawah tanah tidak diatur secara komprehensif. Kemudian barulah Peraturan Pemerintah No. 18 tahun 2021 menegaskan secara yuridis bahwa terdapat pemisahan secara horizontal antara kepemilikan hak atas tanah di atas permukaan dengan di bawah tanah. Namun dalam penerapan peraturan-peraturan dimaksud masih perlu adanya sosialisasi terus menerus agar tercipta keteraturan pemahaman hukum. Lebih lanjut, dengan adanya Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 yang menyatakan UUCK inkonstitusional bersyarat diduga dapat memperlambat proses penerapan peraturan baru ini. Bahwa dalam hal ini diperlukan peranan notaris sebagai pejabat pembuat akta tanah yang akan bersinggungan dengan hal-hal dimaksud. Notaris perlu turut andil dalam peran edukasi terkait khususnya pelaksanaanya selama masa pandemi covid-19 saat ini. Penulis menemukan dalam pemanfaatan ruang bawah tanah menggunakan hak guna bangunan dimana untuk pembuatan aktanya dapat diproses oleh notaris.Keyword: Notaris, ruang bawah tanah, jaringan utilitasAbstractThe increase in the demographic bonus in Indonesia causes the amount of land to be used for economic development purposes has its own limitation. The Province of the Special Capital City Region of Jakarta, which is a business center that dealing with the problem of limited land, needs to take advantage of the existing underground space. The existence of underground space is usually utilized for integrated utility network facilities so that land use becomes more optimal. Prior to Law Number 11 of 2020 the use of underground spaces was not comprehensively regulated. Then the Government Regulation No. 18 of 2021 juridically confirms that there is a horizontal separation between ownership of land rights above the surface and below the ground. However, in the application of these regulations, there is still a need for continuous socialization in order to create a regular understanding of the law. Furthermore, with the Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 which states that the UUCK is conditionally unconstitutional, it is suspected that it can slow down the process of implementing this new regulation. That in this case the role of a notary as an official making land deeds is needed which will intersect with the underground utilization. Notaries need to take part in the role of related education, especially its implementation during the current covid-19 pandemic. The author finds that in the use of the basement using the right to use the building where the deed can be processed by a notary.

A FIRST ATTEMPT TO DEFINE LEVEL OF DETAILS BASED ON DECISION-MAKING TASKS: APPLICATION TO UNDERGROUND UTILITY NETWORK

Level of detail (LoD) is a key concept for 3D city modeling to optimise visualisation. The LoDs of CityGML shows this trend. This paper explores the relevance of having LoD for visualising 3D model of Underground Utility Networks (UUN). A new approach is proposed for designing multiple LoDs modeling in creating an explicit link between the content of the 3D model and the decision-making process (or operational tasks) to be performed by a user. This Multiple Level of detail Approach (MLA) is divided into four steps. The first step requires defining the visualisation needs in terms of five variables (geometry, topology, semantic, contextual information, and semiology). Next, tasks to be performed are analyzed and categorized. Finally, a matrix of possible LoDs is created for all tasks and the minimum LoD required is proposed. In this paper, we applied this approach for the use case of granting connection permits to water and sewer networks. Learning aspects are proposed in the discussion.

Optimal Water Management in Agro-Industrial Districts: An Energy Hub’s Case Study in the Southeast of Spain

In this work, the optimal management of the water grid belonging to a pilot agro-industrial district, based on greenhouse cultivation, is analyzed. Different water supply plants are considered in the district, some of them using renewable energies as power sources, i.e., a solar thermal desalination plant and a nanofiltration facility powered up by a photovoltaic field. Moreover, the trade with the water public utility network is also taken into account. As demanding agents, a greenhouse and an office building are contemplated. Due to the different water necessities, demand profiles, and the heterogeneous nature of the different plants considered as supplier agents, the management of the whole plant is not trivial. In this way, an algorithm based on the energy hubs approach, which takes into account economic terms and the optimal use of the available resources in its formulation, is proposed for the pilot district with a cropping area of 616 m2. Simulation results are provided in order to evidence the benefits of the proposed technique in two cases: Case 1 considers the flexible operation of the desalination plant, whereas in Case 2 the working conditions are forced to equal the plant’s maximum capacity (Case 2). A flexible operation results in a weekly improvement of 4.68% in profit, an optimized use of the desalination plant, and a reduction of the consumption of water from the public grid by 58.1%.

A Comparison of Fuzzy-Based Energy Management Systems Adjusted by Nature-Inspired Algorithms

The growing energy demand around the world has increased the usage of renewable energy sources (RES) such as photovoltaic and wind energies. The combination of traditional power systems and RESs has generated diverse problems due especially to the stochastic nature of RESs. Microgrids (MG) arise to address these types of problems and to increase the penetration of RES to the utility network. A microgrid includes an energy management system (EMS) to operate its components and energy sources efficiently. The objectives pursued by the EMS are usually economically related to minimizing the operating costs of the MG or maximizing its income. However, due to new regulations of the network operators, a new objective related to the minimization of power peaks and fluctuations in the power profile exchanged with the utility network has taken great interest in recent years. In this regard, EMSs based on off-line trained fuzzy logic control (FLC) have been proposed as an alternative approach to those based on on-line optimization mixed-integer linear (or nonlinear) programming to reduce computational efforts. However, the procedure to adjust the FLC parameters has been barely addressed. This parameter adjustment is an optimization problem itself that can be formulated in terms of a cost/objective function and is susceptible to being solved by metaheuristic nature-inspired algorithms. In particular, this paper evaluates a methodology for adjusting the FLC parameters of the EMS of a residential microgrid that aims to minimize the power peaks and fluctuations on the power profile exchanged with the utility network through two nature-inspired algorithms, namely particle swarm optimization and differential evolution. The methodology is based on the definition of a cost function to be optimized. Numerical simulations on a specific microgrid example are presented to compare and evaluate the performances of these algorithms, also including a comparison with other ones addressed in previous works such as the Cuckoo search approach. These simulations are further used to extract useful conclusions for the FLC parameters adjustment for off-line-trained EMS based designs.

Pollution Source Localization in Wastewater Networks

In December 2016, the wastewater treatment plant of Baarle-Nassau, Netherlands, failed. The failure was caused by the illegal disposal of high volumes of acidic waste into the sewer network. Repairs cost between 80,000 and 100,000 EUR. A continuous monitoring system of a utility network such as this one would help to determine the causes of such pollution and could mitigate or reduce the impact of these kinds of events in the future. We have designed and tested a data fusion system that transforms the time-series of sensor measurements into an array of source-localized discharge events. The data fusion system performs this transformation as follows. First, the time-series of sensor measurements are resampled and converted to sensor observations in a unified discrete time domain. Second, sensor observations are mapped to pollutant detections that indicate the amount of specific pollutants according to a priori knowledge. Third, pollutant detections are used for inferring the propagation of the discharged pollutant downstream of the sewage network to account for missing sensor observations. Fourth, pollutant detections and inferred sensor observations are clustered to form tracks. Finally, tracks are processed and propagated upstream to form the final list of probable events. A set of experiments was performed using a modified variant of the EPANET Example Network 2. Results of our experiments show that the proposed system can narrow down the source of pollution to seven or fewer nodes, depending on the number of sensors, while processing approximately 100 sensor observations per second. Having considered the results, such a system could provide meaningful information about pollution events in utility networks.

Intra-Network Interference Robustness: An Empirical Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4-2015 SUN-OFDM

While IEEE 802.15.4 and its Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) medium access mode were developed as a wireless substitute for reliable process monitoring in industrial environments, most deployments use a single/static physical layer (PHY) configuration. Instead of limiting all links to the throughput and reliability of a single Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), you can dynamically re-configure the PHY of link endpoints according to the context. However, such modulation diversity causes links to coincide in time/frequency space, resulting in poor reliability if left unchecked. Nonetheless, to some level, intentional spatial overlap improves resource efficiency while partially preserving the benefits of modulation diversity. Hence, we measured the mutual interference robustness of certain Smart Utility Network (SUN) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) configurations, as a first step towards combining spatial re-use and modulation diversity. This paper discusses the packet reception performance of those PHY configurations in terms of Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) and time-overlap percentage between interference and targeted parts of useful transmissions. In summary, we found SUN-OFDM O3 MCS1 and O4 MCS2 performed best. Consequently, one should consider them when developing TSCH scheduling mechanisms in the search for resource efficient ubiquitous connectivity through modulation diversity and spatial re-use.