historical model
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2021 ◽  
Vol 903 (1) ◽  
pp. 012001
Author(s):  
G Galford ◽  
L M Tucker

Abstract Single family houses contribute substantially to climate change in the US and other parts of the world. In the US specifically, most housing has been designed by builders and developers. The motivation has not been sustainability and a knowledge of how to design net zero energy and net zero water dwelling is not commonly understood. This paper seeks to use a historical model as viewed through the lens of the Living Building Challenge to demonstrate how an architect designed historic example might provide a way of implementing a cutting-edge approach to sustainable housing today. Arthurdale was an early 20th century housing experiment that was conceptualized to provide for sustainable living in rural Appalachia. This paper presents the history of the region, an overview of the houses and the Living Building Challenge and then analyses how this historic prototype might model a sustainable housing development today using the Living Building Challenge system.


Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Phillip W. Stokes

The morphology of the pronominal suffixes in dialectal Arabic are of particular interest for scholars of the history of Arabic for two main reasons. First, multiple dialects attest suffixes that, from a comparative perspective, apparently retain final short vowels. The second and more complicated issue concerns the vowels which precede the suffixes in the dialects, which are thought to either have been case inflecting or epenthetic. In this paper, I take up Jean Cantineau’s “embarrassing question” of how to account for the development of the vowels of the pronominal suffixes. Based on data from dialectal tanwīn in modern dialects, and attestations from pre-modern texts as well, I will argue that the pre-suffix vowels did originate in case inflecting vowels, but that no historical model heretofore proposed can satisfactorily account for how the various dialectal forms might have arisen. I identify two major historical developments and propose models for each. First, I suggest that dialects in which the pre-suffixal vowels harmonized with the suffix vowels developed via a process of harmonization across morpheme boundaries before the loss of final short vowels. For dialects in which one vowel is generalized, I argue that a post-stress neutralization took place, which led to a single vowel both before suffixes and tanwīn as well. Finally, I rely on evidence from the behavior of the suffixes to argue that the final vowel of the 3fs suffix was originally long, but that those of the 3ms, 2ms, and 2fs were most likely short.


Author(s):  
Ian VanderMeulen

Abstract This article uses ethnography of a studio recording project underway at a Qur'anic school in Salé, Morocco, to offer new insight on sound, media, and religious authority in Islamic contexts. The aim of the project is to record the entire Qur'an incorporating all of its seven canonical, variant readings (qirā’āt), which are enjoying a small renaissance in Morocco. Several of the school's faculty, known as shaykhs, engaged as expert listeners and overseers of the process. I show how a historical model of such expert listenership, which I call “aural authority,” is transformed by the technologies of the studio and then dispersed across a collective of productive agents that includes the reciter and the sound engineer. I argue that these transformations, along with erasure of the shaykh's role from the medium of circulation—the recording—presents significant challenges to the broader qirā’āt tradition and raises questions about its future.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Gianni Guastella ◽  
Daniele Moro ◽  
Paolo Sckokai ◽  
Mario Veneziani

We study the capitalisation of subsidies in the European Union (EU) regions in the years 2006-2008, the first years after the introduction of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2003 reform that decoupled subsidies from production and attached them to land. For this purpose, we use regional aggregated data and estimate the capitalisation rate upon the entire sample and, in a second stage, splitting the sample according to the implementation regime applied by the different EU Member States (MSs), following the three options introduced by the CAP regulations (historical, regional and hybrid model). We find that between 28 and 52 cents per Euro of additional subsidy capitalise into land prices in MSs that adopted the hybrid and the regional model, respectively. We find as well that subsidies do not capitalise in farmland prices in MSs that adopted the historical model.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Teny Manopo

Abstract: Pandemic is a momentum that presents ecological reflection, forcing people to return to basic lessons about life and reflect on reconstructing new relations with the natural environment, which is closely related to the philosophy of "Sangserekan Bane" in the Toraja context. In the writer's perspective, the community needs to get good and correct eco-theological education to help think comprehensively about an ecological dynamic that occurs. This is what the authors then see that it is necessary to get a proper explanation using a qualitative-descriptive historical model approach that aims to create an ecological conversion for society that can help restore the earth's homiostatic status. The result is that through the philosophy of "Sangserekan Bane" it is realized that “lolo tau" (human), “lolo tananan” (plant) and” lolo patuan” (animal) have the same ontological status, because they are created from the same material, namely gold, so that they can help to form a synergy understanding, creation as a narrative narrative of creation in the book of Genesis. Abstrak: Pandemi adalah momentum yang menghadirkan refleksi ekologis, memaksa manusia untuk kembali kepada pelajaran dasar tentang hidup dan berefleksi untuk merekostruksi relasi baru dengan alam sekitar, yang memiliki kaitan erat dengan filosofi “Sangserekan Bane’” pada konteks Toraja. Dalam perspektif penulis masyarakat perlu mendapatkan pendidikan eko-teologi yang baik dan benar untuk membantu berfikir secara komprehensif akan sebuah dinamika ekologis yang terjadi. Hal inilah yang kemudian penulis lihat perlu mendapatkan penjelasan yang tepat dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-deskriptif model historis yang bertujuan menciptakan pertobatan ekologis bagi masyarakat yang dapat membantu mengembalikan status homiostatik bumi. Hasilnya ialah melalui filosofi “Sangserekan Bane’” disadari bahwa “lolo tau” (manusia), “lolo tananan” (tumbuhan) dan “lolo patuan” (hewan) memiliki status ontologis yang sama, sebab diciptakan dari bahan yang sama yakni emas, sehingga dapat membantu untuk membentuk sebuah sinergitas pemahaman antar ciptaan sebagaiaman narasi penciptaan dalam kitab Kejadian.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Carla Sílvia Fernandes

Is it possible to analyze the world in the same way, after this globalized and most widespread event of all time? Of course, not; the complexity of this event leads us to the need to address many changes, especially in the health area. Indeed, the pandemic course of COVID-19 has led us to a true digital revolution in such a way that the reality as we know it will be something of the "last century". We live in moments of changing care practices where it is essential to discuss the advantages and potential of other health resources, abandoning a traditionalist view of care. Although the tremendous technological development of the last decades, the health sector is still structured in a historical model of mandatory personal interactions between people and health professionals, that is, in need of face-to-face interaction. Now, the times are of transition, in what can be called hybrid care, functioning as a bridge between the traditional provision of face-to-face care and digital health solutions. These aspects must also be integrated when we think about rehabilitation and its wide range of interventions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douw G. Breed

Exegesis of 2 Peter 3:1–2 and its significance for contemporary Christians with specific reference to views of the so-called New Atheists. Die Bybel: 2020-vertaling, in Afrikaans translation of the Bible, has been introduced at a time when the Bible, the God of the Bible and believers who accept the Bible as the Word of God are seriously under suspicion. The question is how Christians are supposed to act and react in the light of these developments. The religious conviction of Peter’s first readers was under great pressure as a result of false teachers. This article exegetically indicates the guidance that Peter gives to his readers according to 2 Peter 3:1–2 and points out its significance for contemporary Christians. The exegesis in the article is concentrated on 2 Peter 3:1–2 within the context of the letter and is done according to the grammatical-historical model as practised in the Reformed tradition. The article cites examples of the New Atheists’ questioning of the Christian faith. Reference is then made to 2 Peter 3:1–2, regarding what believers must do when their faith is questioned. The article found that Christians today, like Peter’s first readers, are still under great pressure because of atheists’ hostile actions. Like Peter’s first readers, modern-day believers need guidance so that they do not succumb to the pressures on their steadfastness. Christians must think purely of the Old Testament prophets and the apostles of Jesus Christ and the revelation they received from God and Jesus Christ. When Christians think purely about prophets and apostles, they will understand the meaning of these people’s message in their present circumstances and will be able to act appropriately. 2 Peter 3:1–2 provides guidance to Christians whose faith is under pressure due to the hostile actions of unbelievers.Contribution: The article contributes to the understanding of the guidance that Peter gave to his first readers according to 2 Peter 3:1–2 and provides guidance to Christians whose faith, like Peter’s first readers, is being questioned.


2021 ◽  
pp. 147488512110080
Author(s):  
Lois McNay

Steven Klein’s excellent new book The Work of Politics is an innovative, insightful and original argument about the valuable role that welfare institutions may play in democratic movements for change. In place of a one-sided Weberian view of welfare institutions as bureaucratic instruments of social control, Klein recasts them in Arendtian terms as ‘worldly mediators’ or participatory mechanisms that act as channels for a radical politics of democratic world making. Although Klein is careful to modulate this utopian vision through a developed account of power and domination, I question the relevance of this largely historical model of world-building activism for the contemporary world of welfare. I point to the way that decades of neoliberal social policy have arguably eroded many of the social conditions and relations of solidarity that are vital prerequisites for collective activism around welfare.


2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douw G. Breed

Breed’s biblical pastoral model Scripturally grounded in 2 Peter 1:3–11: An exegetical elucidation: In his recent research, Gert Breed has formulated a biblical pastoral model. From his own publications as well as from publications of other researchers, it is clear that Breed’s model is of great value to pastoral counsellors. Although elements of the model are included in other people’s research publications, Breed has not yet published a complete description of his model. The purpose of this article is to provide Breed’s pastoral model with a biblical foundation from 2 Peter 1:3–11 within the context of the entire letter. The method used in this study was to do exegesis of 2 Peter 1:3–11 according to the grammatical-historical model, and to use the results of the exegesis to biblically ground the different elements of Breed’s pastoral model. The article found that seven important elements of Breed’s model can be Scripturally grounded in 2 Peter 1:3–11, namely: (1) the meta-theoretical starting point regarding the Bible as the Word of God; (2) the need for someone receiving counselling to be born again; (3) the importance of a counselee’s relationship with God; (4) change in the life of a counselee through insight; (5) external and internal motivation of a counselee; (6) perseverance in a new life; and (7) the counselee as diakonos of Jesus Christ. Breed’s pastoral model is already useful for pastoral counsellors. The exegetical grounding presented in this study increases the usefulness of the model.


2021 ◽  
pp. 146394912098765
Author(s):  
Helen Little ◽  
Matthew Stapleton

The notion of ‘belonging’ is a core component of many early childhood curriculum frameworks and recognises the importance of children’s sociocultural context for their self-identity and well-being. Children’s risk-taking in play has also been the focus of contemporary research in examining its beneficial role for children’s physical, social and emotional development. This study applies diverse disciplinary and theoretical lenses, including Hedegaard’s cultural-historical model and Gibson’s affordance theory, to present a critical and multi-perspective understanding of children’s experience of ‘belonging’ and risky play. The study involved naturalistic observations of 18–26-month-old children’s outdoor play in an environment designed to provide affordances for risky play. The findings suggest that children’s engagement in risky play also supports their sense of belonging through their shared engagement in risky-play experiences.


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