animal handlers
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Antibiotics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Minhian Chai ◽  
Muhammad Zikree Sukiman ◽  
Amirah Huda Kamarun Baharin ◽  
Insyirah Ramlan ◽  
Lennard Zhunhoong Lai ◽  
...  

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in humans and animals, have become a significant concern globally. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiogram of S. aureus isolated from animal handlers in Peninsular Malaysia. Furthermore, the genotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolates were also investigated. Nasal and oral swab samples were collected from 423 animal handlers in Peninsular Malaysia. The antibiogram profiles of S. aureus against 18 antibiotics were established using a Kirby–Bauer test. The genotypic profile of S. aureus, including the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence genes and spa genotypes, was investigated using molecular techniques. The overall carriage rate of S. aureus, MRSA and MDRSA was 30.5%, 1.2% and 19.4%, respectively. S. aureus was highly resistant against penicillin (72.3%) and amoxicillin (52.3%). Meanwhile, gentamicin and linezolid were fully effective against all the isolated S. aureus from animal handlers. It was observed that animal handlers with close exposure to poultry were more likely to carry S. aureus that is resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin. S. aureus isolates harboured tetracycline resistance (tetK, tetL and tetM), erythromycin resistance (ermA, ermB, ermC and msrA) and immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes (scn, chp, sak, sea and sep). Seventeen different spa types were detected among the 30 isolates of MDRSA, with t189 (16.7%) and t4171 (16.7%) being the predominant spa type, suggesting wide genetic diversity of the MDRSA isolates. The present study demonstrated the prevalence of S. aureus strains, including MRSA and MDRSA with various antimicrobial resistance and genetic profiles from animal handlers in Peninsular Malaysia.


One Health ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 100367
Author(s):  
Harish K. Tiwari ◽  
Vishal Proch ◽  
Balbir B. Singh ◽  
Kathrin Schemann ◽  
Michael Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Mesfin Diro ◽  
Berhane Mekete ◽  
Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin

Improper beef cattle handling could affect welfare and meat quality. The effect of beef cattle handling during transportation and in the lairage on the animal welfare and beef quality was studied in relation to Guder and Ambo markets and abattoirs. Data were collected from 200 respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire. For laboratory analysis, animals were randomly assigned into three groups: Group I - trekked from the nearest places (≤30 km), Group II - trekked farthest places (>30 km), and Group III - transported using vehicles (>50 km). One-hundred pooled beef swab samples were collected from the flank, brisket, and rump to determine aerobic bacterial load and another 100 beef samples to assess pH values. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and ANOVA were used for analysis. The result of the study indicated that trekking was the major means of transportation (72%). The majority of animal handlers (92%) did not allow animals to feed, water, and rest during trekking. Beef cattle were overcrowded and beaten during vehicle transport. About 47% of the beef samples were abnormal of which the majority were DFD (dark, firm and dry) beef and DFD beef with spoilage. The pH of meat was significantly affected by the distance traveled before slaughter using both trekking and vehicle transportation (t= -3.5, p=0.001). Therefore, it is concluded that there was poor handling and stressful situation of beef cattle before slaughtering, which negatively affected the welfare and beef quality. Hence, pertinent proclamations, regulations, and delivery of animal welfare awareness training for different stakeholders are urgently needed.


Author(s):  
I. R. Gidado ◽  
I. O. Okonko ◽  
F. A. Osundare ◽  
O. O. Opaleye

Aim: Co-infection of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses may lead to severe morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to determine prevalence of co-infection of HBV and HEV among animal and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. Study Design:  Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria, between June 2015 and July 2019. Methods: A total of 180 blood samples were obtained and screened for Hepatitis B and E virus from cohorts of 90 animal handlers and 90 non-animal handlers. Questionnaires on HBV and HEV were administered to obtain a demographic characteristic of the participants. HBsAg and anti-HEV antibodies were screened using HBsAg and HEV ELISA kits. Results: Results showed the overall prevalence of HBV and HEV Co-infection to be 12.2 %. There was variation in the HBV/HEV co-infections rates among the studied population, with a co-infection rates of 15.9%, 14.3% and 7.8% for butchers, pig handlers and non-animal handlers, respectively. Sources of drinking water was the predisposition factor for HBV/HEV coinfections (P=0.02). The results revealed that subjects who used tap and river as a drinking water source had the highest prevalence followed by well and sachet and then all water source. Although results portray no statistically significant association with, frequent washing of hands after, rearing of animal, type of toilet, eating of pork, consumption of grilled meat and cow skin (P> 0.05). Conclusion: This study reported a high prevalence of HBV/HEV coinfections among animal and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. There is, therefore, the need to increase health promotion efforts such as immunization, health education, campaign, provision of adequate blood screening equipment and proper hygiene is recommended for further reduction in HBV/HEV transmission. Since the consumption of contaminated water is the main transmission route of HEV, improving the level of public health sanitation in the area should be considered a priority by policymakers. 


Author(s):  
SatishL Ghugey ◽  
Maninder Singh Setia ◽  
Jyotsna S Deshmukh

Introduction: Brucellosis is a highly infectious zoonosis affecting humans and animals. It is a multi-burden disease leading to severe economic losses due to disability in humans, and it also causes abortion, infertility, and reduced milk production in animals. An essential element for effective prevention and control of brucellosis is to improve Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of the community. Aim: To evaluate KAP for human brucellosis to determine the risk factors among Migratory Animal Handlers (MAH) in Nagpur and Chandrapur district of Maharashtra state in India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 143 subjects chosen randomly from Nagpur and Chandrapur districts, Maharashtra. A structured and validated questionnaire was used for demographic characteristics and KAP. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel and analysed by SPSS. Descriptive statistics accustomed to demographic feature and KAP. Results: All 143 respondents (87 from Nagpur and 56 from Chandrapur) were males. Age ranged from 20 to 50 years. The majority of 139 (97%) respondents were married. Of 143 respondents, none had heard of brucellosis, 125 (87%) consumed unpasteurised milk, 37 (26%) assisted during calving, and 34 (24%) milking the animal. None of the respondents used protective clothing while assisting in animal delivery or handling birth products. One hundred and thirty six (95%) respondents informed that they treated the animal without consulting a veterinarian. Conclusion: This study showed poor knowledge and high-risk behaviours and self-reported practices for brucellosis among MAH. Public health education for MAH should be enhanced with full capacity as an integral part of the National Control Program on Brucellosis in India.


2020 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
C. Min Hian ◽  
S.M. Zainal Ariffin ◽  
M.Z. Sukiman ◽  
Z. Suhaili ◽  
M.F. Ghazali

Author(s):  
I. O. Okonko ◽  
I. R. Gidado ◽  
B. U. Anomneze ◽  
O. O. Opaleye

Aim: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not uncommon among animal and non-animal handlers. The brutality of HBV infection and the outcome of treatment is linked with exact HBV genotypes. No study on the circulation of HBV genotypes has been reported among animal and non-animal handlers in Nigeria. This study was intended to evaluate the genotypic distribution among animal and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. Study Design:  Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria, between June 2015 and July 2019. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from HBsAg positive individuals and screened for HBV-DNA from cohorts of animal and non-animal handlers. HBV-DNA was extracted, amplified and genotyped using a multiplex PCR technique with primers specific for six genotypes of HBV (Genotype A, B, C, D, E and F). Results: Results showed that a total of 11 (6.1%) of the 180 animal and non-animal handlers evaluated were positive to HBsAg and 4.4% were positive for HBV-DNA by a semi-nested PCR using HBV specific primer pairs. The molecular analysis of the sera of 11 HBsAg positive animal and non-animal handlers showed that 72.7% of them had a true HBV infection. Results further show that genotype E (75.0%) was predominant over genotype A (12.5%) and mix genotypes (D and E) with 12.5% prevalence. Other genotypes were not detected. Of the 8 positive HBV-DNA samples, 7 (87.5%) were males and one (12.5%) was a female. All animal and non-animal handlers with true HBV infection were found to harbour HBV genotype E predominantly. Conclusion: The molecular analysis of HBV-DNA and genotypes circulating among animal and non-animal handlers shows that the majority of the subjects with true HBV infection were found to predominantly harbour HBV genotype E in Osun state, Nigeria. The study further highlights the predominance HBV genotype E in Nigeria.


Author(s):  
A. S. Oluremi ◽  
T. A. Ajadi ◽  
O. O. Opaleye ◽  
O. A. T. Alli ◽  
D. O. Ogbolu ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
I. R. Gidado ◽  
F. A. Osundare ◽  
I. O. Okonko ◽  
O. O. Opaleye

Aim: Increase in the epidemiological information is important for effective control of hepatitis E virus (HEV). This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HEV among butchers, pig handlers and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Isale Osun, Osogbo, Nigeria, between June 2015 and July 2019. Methods: A total of 180 blood samples were obtained and screened for HEV from cohorts of 90 animal handlers (69 butchers and 21 pig handlers) and 90 non-animal handlers. Questionnaires on HEV were administered to obtain a demographic characteristic of the participants. Anti-hepatitis E viruses were also screened using HEV ELISA kit. Results: Results showed an overall prevalence of HEV to be 21.7%. The rate of anti-HEV IgG/IgM antibodies was higher among butchers (27.5%), followed by non-animal handlers (18.9%) and was least among the pig handlers (14.3%) while the two IgM positive persons were butchers and non-animal handlers. However, 39(21.7%) of the 180 samples were positive for either anti-HEV IgG antibodies (37/180, 20.6%) or anti-HEV IgM (2/180, 1.1%). Also, the rate of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was higher among butchers (26.1%), followed by non-animal handlers (17.8%) and the pig handlers (14.3%) had the least. The two IgM positive persons were butchers (1.4%), non-animal handlers (1.1%) and pig handlers had a zero prevalence. There was no statistical significance in the prevalence of HEV IgG and HEV IgM in animal handlers as compared to non-animal handlers (P > 0.05). One (1.4%) of the butchers and 1 (1.1%) of non-animal handlers showed evidence of recent HEV infection by being positive to HEV IgM. Sources of drinking water were the only HEV predisposition factor for HEV (P =0.023). Conclusion: This study reported an acute HEV infection in a butcher and a non-animal handler in Osun State, Nigeria. No prevalence rates of acute HEV infection was observed among pig handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. The study also showed a low prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies among these study populations. Proper hygiene is recommended for further reduction in HEV transmission in Nigeria. Aim: Increase in the epidemiological information is important for effective control of hepatitis E virus (HEV). This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HEV among butchers, pig handlers and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Isale Osun, Osogbo, Nigeria, between June 2015 and July 2019. Methods: A total of 180 blood samples were obtained and screened for HEV from cohorts of 90 animal handlers (69 butchers and 21 pig handlers) and 90 non-animal handlers. Questionnaires on HEV were administered to obtain a demographic characteristic of the participants. Anti-hepatitis E viruses were also screened using HEV ELISA kit. Results: Results showed an overall prevalence of HEV to be 21.7%. The rate of anti-HEV IgG/IgM antibodies was higher among butchers (27.5%), followed by non-animal handlers (18.9%) and was least among the pig handlers (14.3%) while the two IgM positive persons were butchers and non-animal handlers. However, 39(21.7%) of the 180 samples were positive for either anti-HEV IgG antibodies (37/180, 20.6%) or anti-HEV IgM (2/180, 1.1%). Also, the rate of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was higher among butchers (26.1%), followed by non-animal handlers (17.8%) and the pig handlers (14.3%) had the least. The two IgM positive persons were butchers (1.4%), non-animal handlers (1.1%) and pig handlers had a zero prevalence. There was no statistical significance in the prevalence of HEV IgG and HEV IgM in animal handlers as compared to non-animal handlers (P > 0.05). One (1.4%) of the butchers and 1 (1.1%) of non-animal handlers showed evidence of recent HEV infection by being positive to HEV IgM. Sources of drinking water were the only HEV predisposition factor for HEV (P =0.023). Conclusion: This study reported an acute HEV infection in a butcher and a non-animal handler in Osun State, Nigeria. No prevalence rates of acute HEV infection was observed among pig handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. The study also showed a low prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies among these study populations. Proper hygiene is recommended for further reduction in HEV transmission in Nigeria.


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