male genotype
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khandaker Asif Ahmed ◽  
Heng Lin Yeap ◽  
Gunjan Pandey ◽  
Siu Fai Lee ◽  
Phillip W. Taylor ◽  
...  

AbstractFemales of many insect species are unreceptive to remating for a period following their first mating. This inhibitory effect may be mediated by either the female or her first mate, or both, and often reflects the complex interplay of reproductive strategies between the sexes. Natural variation in remating inhibition and how this phenotype responds to captive breeding are largely unexplored in insects, including many pest species. We investigated genetic variation in remating propensity in the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, using strains differing in source locality and degree of domestication. We found up to threefold inherited variation between strains from different localities in the level of intra-strain remating inhibition. The level of inhibition also declined significantly during domestication, which implied the existence of genetic variation for this trait within the starting populations as well. Inter-strain mating and remating trials showed that the strain differences were mainly due to the genotypes of the female and, to a lesser extent, the second male, with little effect of the initial male genotype. Implications for our understanding of fruit fly reproductive biology and population genetics and the design of Sterile Insect Technique pest management programs are discussed.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicky Wybouw ◽  
Frederik Mortier ◽  
Dries Bonte

Many reproductive parasites such as Wolbachia spread within host populations by inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). CI occurs when parasite-modified sperm fertilizes uninfected eggs. In haplodiploid hosts, CI can lead to different phenotypes depending on whether the fertilized eggs die or develop into males. Genetic conflict theories predict the evolution of host modulation of CI, which in turn strongly influences the stability of reproductive parasitism. Yet, despite the ubiquity of CI-inducing parasites in nature, there is no conclusive evidence for strong intraspecific host modulation of CI strength and phenotype. Here, we tested for intraspecific host modulation of Wolbachia-induced CI in haplodiploid Tetranychus spider mites. Using a single CI-inducing Wolbachia variant and mitochondrion, a Tetranychus urticae nuclear panel was created that consisted of infected and cured near-isogenic lines. We performed a highly replicated age-synchronized full diallel cross comprised of incompatible and compatible control crosses. We uncovered host modifier systems that strongly suppress CI strength when carried by infected T. urticae males. Interspecific crosses showed that the male modifier systems suppress CI strength across species boundaries. We also observed a continuum of CI phenotypes in our crosses and identified strong intraspecific female modulation of CI phenotype when paired with a specific male genotype. Crosses established a recessive genetic basis for the maternal effect and were consistent with polygenic Mendelian inheritance. Our findings identify spermatogenesis as an important target of selection for host suppression of CI strength and underscore the importance of maternal genetic effects for the CI phenotype. Both mechanisms interacted with the genotype of the mating partner, revealing that intraspecific host modulation of CI strength and phenotype is underpinned by complex genetic architectures.


AGROFOR ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Najwa M. ALHAJJAR ◽  
Bayan M. MUZHER

All Pistacia species are dioecious, male and female flowers are born on separated trees. Our recent studies identified new hermaphroditic genotypes of P. atlantica with different structure of racemes and flowers at the south of Syria. Therefore, the current research aimed to assess genetic variation among 11 genotypes (3 female, 5 hermaphroditic, 3 male) across fifteen ISSRs primers in Sweida Research Center (2018-2019). All of the primers were able to detect the polymorphism, which revealed 214 bands, 205 of them were polymorphic (95.79%). The number of bands for each primer ranged from 6 to 33, with an average 14.27 bands for each Primer. Genetic similarity among all studied genotypes ranged from (0.27) between hermaphroditic genotype (PA52) with female genotype (FA3) as well as between MA3 male genotype and FA2 female genotype, while the highest genetic similarity was 0.77 between two hermaphroditic genotypes (PA37and PA52). Cluster analysis grouped all studied genotypes into three main clusters according to their sexual structure; the first cluster contained all of the hermaphroditic genotypes and the second cluster comprised of all male genotypes, while the third cluster included all female genotypes. The results demonstrated the importance and the efficiency of ISSR technique by revealing the genetic variation among P. atlantica genotypes and separating all of them into detached clusters according to their sexual structure. Farther more, some primers were able to detect common bands in each sexual structure which might help to understand the mechanism of sexual inheritance within the studied species.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Zeineb Alaya

46XY - Swyer syndrome (complete, or “pure” gonadal dysgenesis) can be briefly described as a female phenotype in the male genotype. The disease is named for the British endocrinologist Gerald Swyer, who described it in 1955. The full form of dysgenesis is nonsyndromic (not accompanied by extragenital malformations), excludes the duality of sexual development (the presence of male primary sexual characteristics along with female ones), psychological development occurs according to the female type. Congenital pathology occurs in one case in 180,000 individuals with a male karyotype and is recorded more often than other forms of XY-dysgenesis of gonads. Based on these results of the one female, the diagnosis of Swiera syndrome (complete genital dysgenesis: impaired sexual development) was suspected.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Nadir Aliyev

46XY - Swyer syndrome (complete, or “pure” gonadal dysgenesis) can be briefly described as a female phenotype in the male genotype. The disease is named for the British endocrinologist Gerald Swyer, who described it in 1955. The full form of dysgenesis is nonsyndromic (not accompanied by extragenital malformations), excludes the duality of sexual development (the presence of male primary sexual characteristics along with female ones), psychological development occurs according to the female type. Congenital pathology occurs in one case in 180,000 individuals with a male karyotype and is recorded more often than other forms of XY-dysgenesis of gonads. Based on these results of the one female, the diagnosis of Swiera syndrome (complete genital dysgenesis: impaired sexual development) was suspected.


HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-549
Author(s):  
Jessica DiMatteo ◽  
Lauren Kurtz ◽  
Jessica D. Lubell-Brand

Genetically female seed is sought for cannabidiol (CBD) hemp production because CBD is extracted from the flowers of female hemp plants. The production of all female seed requires masculinization of female plants to produce genetically female pollen that reliably generates female seed. Of the five female hemp genotypes that we masculinized using foliar sprays of silver thiosulfate (Abacus, Cherry Wine, Mountain Mango, Youngsim10, Wife), all genotypes produced fewer large and more irregular or misshapen pollen grains than genetically male plants. The masculinized female genotypes Wife and Cherry Wine produced pollen with germination rates similar to those of the male genotype Kentucky Sunshine. Female hemp genotypes vary in their ability to produce usable pollen that disperses well, is easily collected, and germinates as well as pollen from genetically male hemp plants.


2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1900) ◽  
pp. 20182838 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. S. Filice ◽  
Reuven Dukas

In many animals, the outcomes of competitive interactions can have lasting effects that influence an individual's reproductive success and have important consequences for the strength and direction of evolution via sexual selection. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , males that have won previous contests are more likely to win in subsequent conflicts and losers are more likely to lose (winner–loser effects), but the direct fitness consequences and genetic underpinnings of this plasticity are poorly understood. Here, we tested how male genotype and the outcomes of previous male–male conflicts influence male pre- and post-copulatory success. We quantified pre-copulatory success in a choice and no-choice context, and post-copulatory success by quantifying ejaculate offensive and defensive ability. We found that winners have higher reproductive success compared to losers in both pre-copulatory scenarios. However, losers consistently mated for a longer duration, boosted female fecundity and had an increased paternity share when they were the first males to mate, suggesting increased investment into post-copulatory mechanisms. Finally, by using clonal hybrids from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel, we documented that genetic variation explained a sizeable proportion of the observed differences between lines, and of the interaction between line and winner and loser effects. Our results place the behavioural data on winner–loser effects in an evolutionary context by documenting the potential fitness gain to males from altering their reproductive strategy based on fighting experience. Our data may also explain the presence and maintenance of trade-offs between different male reproductive strategies.


2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (7) ◽  
pp. 740-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie Y N Delbare ◽  
Clement Y Chow ◽  
Mariana F Wolfner ◽  
Andrew G Clark

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J Katzman ◽  
Leon A Metlay ◽  
Loralee A McMahon ◽  
Li LiQiong ◽  
Bin Zhang

Background Chorionic histiocytic hyperplasia (CHH) is a cellular proliferation at the base of the chorion that was identified by the authors in examining placentas for chronic chorioamnionitis (CC). This study is a retrospective review of cases diagnosed with CHH, describing its incidence alone and with associated lesions, and the immunophenotype of lesional cells. Design In this retrospective study, a laboratory information system search over a 34-month period using the key phrase “chorionic stromal” was performed. Cases identified were reviewed for presence of the following: CC, chronic villitis (CV), chronic deciduitis (CD), maternal (MIR), and fetal (FIR) acute inflammatory responses, meconium deposition; and whether CD3 immunostaining was performed. Incidences were tabulated and compared with known prevalences in our population. Select cases were stained with various immunostains to identify cell lineage and X and Y fluorescent probes to identify fetal or maternal cell origin in cases with male infants. Results Eighty cases of CHH were identified during the study period. Incidences of inflammatory lesions associated with CHH were: CV (54/80, 68%), CD (32/80, 40%), CC (25/80, 31%), MIR (39/80, 49%), and FIR (9/80, 11%). Only chronic inflammatory lesions had a significant correlation with the co-incidence of CHH. CC was identified alongside CHH in 12 of 22 cases in which a CD3 immunostain was performed. The cell population in CHH was vimentin+, CD68+, CD3−, CD45−, CD56−, hPL−, SMA−, OCT 3/4− and, in some cases, variably mixed with CD3+ lymphocytes. The cells had a male genotype by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. Conclusion The association of CHH with acute and chronic inflammatory conditions and its immunophenotype suggest that it may be a reactive process. CD3 immunostaining is helpful to identify concurrent CC.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herminia De la Varga ◽  
Françis Le Tacon ◽  
Mélanie Lagoguet ◽  
Flora Todesco ◽  
Torda Varga ◽  
...  

SummaryThe Périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) is a heterothallic ascomycete that establishes ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with trees and shrubs. Small-scale genetic structures of female genotypes in truffle orchards are known, but it has not yet been studied in male genotypes. In this study, our aim was to characterize the small-scale genetic structure of both male and female genotypes over five years in an orchard to better understand the T. melanosporum sexual reproduction strategy, male genotype dynamics, and origins. Two-hundred forty-one ascocarps, 475 ectomycorrhizas, and 20 soil cores were harvested and genotyped using microsatellites and mating type genes. Isolation by distance analysis revealed pronounced small-scale genetic structures for both female and male genotypes. The genotypic diversity was higher for male than female genotypes with numerous small size genotypes suggesting an important turnover due to ascospore recruitment. Larger and perennial female and male genotypes were also detected. Only three genotypes (1.5 %) were found as both female and male genotypes (hermaphrodites) while most were detected only as female or male genotype (dioecy). Our results suggest that germinating ascospores act as male genotypes, but we also proposed that soil mycelium could be a reservoir of male genotypes.


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