precocious development
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hoyer

An avid reader of history will be quite familiar with the rich, emotive narratives detailing the tragic decline and ultimate fall of once mighty civilizations; Rome succumbing to barbarian hordes, Alexander of Macedon’s and Chinggis Khan’s spear-won empires splitting into warring factions, and the demise of the great Inca or Maya civilizations are just a few such examples. On the other side of the stacks, similarly grandiose narratives document some group’s incredible growth and spread taking over vast territories and populations. These tell typically of societies coming to dominate a region, often in the face of overwhelming odds and tribulation or through some precocious development of a key technology or strategy that later becomes widespread. Here, I take stock of previous approaches to studying function – from growth and development to crisis and collapse to resilience – and ask what is the most fruitful lens with which to view fluctuations in how societies function and change over time, as this review essay attempts to accomplish.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1999
Author(s):  
Zhenqing Zhao ◽  
Xiaoguang Sheng ◽  
Huifang Yu ◽  
Jiansheng Wang ◽  
Yusen Shen ◽  
...  

“Riceyness” refers to the precocious development of flower bud initials over the curd surface of cauliflower, and it is regarded as undesirable for the market. The present study aimed to identify the candidate loci and genes responsible for the morphological difference in riceyness between a pair of cauliflower sister lines. Genetic analysis revealed that riceyness is controlled by a single dominant locus. An F2 population derived from the cross between these sister lines was used to construct “riceyness” and “non-riceyness” bulks, and then it was subjected to BSA-seq. On the basis of the results of Δ(SNP-index) analysis, a 4.0 Mb candidate region including 22 putative SNPs was mapped on chromosome C04. Combining the RNA-seq, gene function annotation, and target sequence analysis among two parents and other breeding lines, an orthologous gene of the Arabidopsis gene SOC1, Bo4g024850 was presumed as the candidate gene, and an upstream SNP likely resulted in riceyness phenotype via influencing the expression levels of Bo4g024850. These results are helpful to understand the genetic mechanism regulating riceyness, and to facilitate the molecular improvement on cauliflower curds.


2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-34
Author(s):  
Madadh Richey

Abstract Several verbal morphologies including the core orthography {ld} are attested in ninth- and eighth-century bce Aramaic texts from Sefire and Tell Fekheriyeh. From their similar contexts, all can be demon-strated to have the semantics ‘to remove’, but scholars are divided as to the root source and precise phonology of these verbs. The present paper demonstrates that these {ld} verbs belong to a cognate set descendant from proto-Semitic . The representation of the reflex of the interdental by {d} is a precocious development only attested broadly in later Aramaic, but its surfacing here can be ration-alized by appeal to diachronic phonology, phonotactics and linguistic typology. The consistent employment of developed orthography for this root is perhaps related to the existence of a broad and consistent early Aramaic curse tradition.


2018 ◽  
Vol 243 (11) ◽  
pp. 945-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Mashtoub ◽  
Ker Y Cheah ◽  
Kerry A Lymn ◽  
Gordon S Howarth

Previously, we reported that orally administered Emu Oil (EO) increases mucosal thickness in the small intestine and colon in rodent models of chemotherapy-induced mucositis and colitis. However, it remains unclear whether mucosal thickening (crypt and villus lengthening) represents a process of normal or aberrant growth. We sought to determine if villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) measurements returned to normal in EO-treated rats following withdrawal of EO therapy. Dark agouti rats ( n = 8/group) were gavaged daily for 10 days with water, olive oil (OO), or EO (0.5 mL or 1 mL). Groups of rats were euthanized on days 10 and 17. Intestinal weights, lengths, VH, and CD were quantified. P < 0.05 was considered significant. On day 10, jejuno–ileum weight was increased by OO (26%) and EO (0.5 mL: 15%; 1 mL: 29%) compared to water controls ( P < 0.01), which was normalized by day 17. On days 10 and 17, jejuno-ileum length was greater in OO- (12%) and EO-treated rats (0.5 mL: 8%; 1 mL: 12%; P < 0.05), relative to water controls. On day 10, OO and EO increased ileal VH (OO: 32%; 0.5 EO: 22%; EO: 35%; P < 0.01) and CD (OO: 17%; 0.5 EO: 13%; EO: 22%) compared to water controls. Importantly, however, after withdrawal of all oils, VH and CD measurements returned to normal control values. Moreover, the VH:CD ratio (potential indicator of dysplasia) remained unchanged in all experimental groups on days 10 and 17. The restoration of normal intestinal architecture following cessation of Emu Oil therapy supports its safety for application in intestinal disorders. Impact statement Uncontrolled inflammation and intestinal proliferation can predispose to the development of colorectal cancer. In previous pre-clinical studies, we demonstrated that oral administration of Emu Oil promotes intestinal repair via stimulation of the mucosa in response to tissue injury and inflammation. Therefore, it was important to determine if Emu Oil administration did not promote the precocious development of colorectal cancer. The current study revealed that Emu Oil returned indicators of intestinal proliferation back to normal values after a period of seven days. These data strongly support the safety of Emu Oil for further studies in the context of bowel inflammation.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. e0189813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Morrison ◽  
Diana Reiss

Zebrafish ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-Ju Wu ◽  
Mao-Ting Hsu ◽  
Ming-Chong Ng ◽  
Tamara G. Amstislavskaya ◽  
Maria A. Tikhonova ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Picut ◽  
George A. Parker

Toxicologic pathologists must evaluate tissues of immature animals from a number of types of nonclinical toxicity studies. The pathologist who is familiar with normal postnatal organ development is in a better position to appropriately detect and differentiate between abnormal, delayed, or precocious development. Vacuolation and apoptosis in multiple tissue types are normal components of development that could influence the interpretation of some tissues. Unique postnatal features such as the germal matrix in the brain, gonocytes in the testes, and saccules in the lung may complicate the histopathological evaluation. With the knowledge of normal organ development and critical windows therein, it is possible to design targeted studies to identify xenobiotic toxicity.


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