Preparation of Gentamicin Sulfate Nanoparticles using Eudragit RS-100 and Evaluation of Their Physicochemical Properties

Improving permeability and absorption of drugs are critical research challenges in pharmaceutical science. Gentamicin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is very active against gram-negative bacteria; however, it has very poor bioavailability. This study aimed to prepare gentamicin nanoparticles with the intention of increased bioavailability. Accordingly, Eudragit RS-100 nanoparticles loaded with gentamicin sulfate were prepared by the double emulsification and solvent evaporation method, a proper technique for encapsulating hydrophilic molecules. Nanoparticles’ suspensions with polymer to drug ratios of 1:1 ([Formula: see text] and 2:1 ([Formula: see text]) were prepared, lyophilized and evaluated for their production yield, physicochemical properties and morphology. The mean particle size was 195.67[Formula: see text]nm and 228[Formula: see text]nm for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. The formulations’ loading efficiencies were relatively high (85.73 for [Formula: see text] and 85.20 for [Formula: see text]). The nanoparticles’ surface charge (+40.5[Formula: see text]mV) was sufficient to inhibit their aggregation and facilitate the nanoparticles’ absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that drug and polymer stabilized each other by physical interactions between their functional groups. Both formulations presented an initial burst drug release of nearly 20% after 30[Formula: see text]min in phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4). After 24[Formula: see text]h, [Formula: see text] did not release the drug completely, while [Formula: see text] released the whole drug. Overall, nanoparticles with proper characteristics were obtained. This study puts forward the necessity of conducting further research in order to explore the intestinal absorption of these nanoparticles and the possibility of being utilized for oral administration of gentamicin sulfate.

Optimization and Scale-up Methodology in Preparing Microsponge Loaded with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU).

The present investigation aims at developing models by response surface methodology (FCCCD) followed by the scale-up method in preparing control release microsponge particles loaded with 5- fluorouracil, a drug used to treat actinic keratosis and colon cancer, and producing a new Dermal Delivery System. The polymer-based (ethyl cellulose and eudragit RS 100) microsponge particles were prepared by the w/o/w double emulsification method. The optimized product was formed with the combination of independent variables levels: polymer (600 mg), stirring speed (1198 rpm) and surfactant (2% w/v), yielding responses as yield (~63.6257%), the average size of particles (~151.563 µm), entrapment efficiency (~75.319 %) and drug release in 8hr (~75.75%), with desirability value of 0.737. The products showed similar responses as obtained in scale-up work. FT-IR, DSC and SEM studies confirmed the drug's compatibility with polymers and porous morphology. Finally, gel embedded optimised product showed shear-thinning rheological property, ideal for drug release from the thixotropic gel.

Electrosprayed Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery systems for Biomedical Applications

Background: Nanotechnology is a tool being used intensely in the area of drug delivery systems in the biomedical field. Electrospraying is one of the nanotechnological methods, which is growing due to its importance in the development of nanoparticles comprising bioactive compounds. It is helpful in improving the efficacy, reducing side effects of active drug elements, and is useful in targeted drug delivery. When compared to other conventional methods like nanoprecipitation, emulsion diffusion, and double emulsification, electrospraying offers better advantages to produce micro/nanoparticles due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and single-step process. Objective: The aim of this paper is to highlight the use of electrosprayed nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Methods: We conducted a literature review on the usage of natural and synthetic materials to produce nanoparticles, which can be used as a drug delivery system for medical purposes. Results: We summarized a possible key role of electrosprayed nanoparticles in different therapeutic applications (tissue regeneration, cancer). Conclusion: The modest literature production denotes that further investigation is needed to assess and validate the promising role of drug-loaded nanoparticles through the electrospraying process as noninvasive materials in the biomedical field.

Formation of Giant Polymer Vesicles by Simple Double Emulsification using Block Copolymers as the Sole Surfactant

Polymer vesicles that mimic the function of cell membranes can be obtained through the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers. The cell-like characteristics of polymer vesicles, such as the core-shell structure,...

Effects of double emulsification on Lactobacillus plantarum NBRC 3070 stability and physicochemical properties of soursop juice during storage

Sufficient number of probiotics in product are required to confer its health benefits to consumers. However, the viability of probiotics can detriment during processing. An approach of emulsion method to provide a physical barrier of probiotics against adverse environmental conditions has received considerable level of interest. Various matrices were used to emulsified probiotics in food product. However, the usage of water/oil/water (W1/O/W2) base to emulsify probiotics for beverages application remained scarce. Thus, this study was to determine the suitability of using W1/O/W2 base to emulsify Lactobacillus plantarum NBRC 3070 to be incorporated into pasteurized soursop juice (Annona muricata L.). Hence, emulsion efficiency (EE%) of L. plantarum NBRC 3070 in W1/O/W2 base, the stability of emulsified cells (log10 CFU/mL) and physicochemical changes of soursop juice (pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, viscosity, colour, sensory) during storage were determined. In this study, emulsified L. plantarum NBRC 3070 (109 CFU/mL) was incorporated into soursop juice and stored at 4°C for four weeks. Results obtained with 86.02% ± 0.69 emulsion efficiency (%) of L. plantarum NBRC 3070. Insignificant changes (p>0.05) were notified from viability of emulsified probiotics, pH, titratable acidity and viscosity during storage. Meanwhile, satisfactory parameters (colour, sensory and coliform counts) were obtained at the satisfactory level. As for the conclusion, W1/O/W2 base was able to maintain the survivability of L. plantarum NBRC 3070 in soursop juice during storage and quality of the product. Optimization of parameters such as water/oil compositions and storage time can be further explored to enhance product quality.