The Phenomenological Method in the Ethics and Legal Philosophy of the XX Century

This paper analyzes the essence of the phenomenological method as it is used in certain theories in ethics and legal philosophy. The purpose of the paper is to provide a full study of phenomenology to determine its place in modern philosophical thought. The paper used methods of the history of philosophy, especially method of rational reconstruction, and based on interpretation of the classical phenomenological texts (E. Husserl, E. Levinas, A. Reinach). The main result of the paper is the justification that the unity of logic, ontology and ethics became the ground of application of the phenomenological method in the field of legal and ethical knowledge. Therefore the ideas of E. Levinas’s ethical phenomenology were the basis for understanding ethics as the “first philosophy” in a phenomenological context. The main conclusion of this paper is that the ethical dimension of responsibility for the actions of the subject and their consequences expands the horizons of phenomenological reduction and allows us to reveal the essence of legal reality in a new way. The paper was carried out within the framework of the HSE research project “Ethics and Law: correlation and mechanisms of mutual influence”.

Knowledge of Undergraduate Medical Students of College of Medicine/ University of Baghdad Regarding Medical Ethics 2021

Background: It is important to prepare the future doctors who are ethically competent to avoid medico legal issues in practice. Subjects and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 373 students from (15 January -15 April 2021) in Baghdad college of medicine where students in different stages from (1st to 6th Stage) were asked to fulfil a pretested questionnaire which was distributed through internet and social media groups, it includes socio demographic variables of studied students in addition questions about knowledge of medical ethics , and data was introduced into spss v.23 statistical software. Results: shows that college curriculum was the source of information for 51.7% of the students, internet was the source in 38.1% and there was significant association between level of ethical knowledge and gender, in favor of female were (59.4%) have good knowledge ,while (43.7%) for the male studied students. All the students have either good or fair knowledge in general and there was significant association between stage of students and level of ethical knowledge which was (83.8%) good for the sixth stage students and significantly more than other stages (75.6%), (73.2%), (63.3%), (48.7%) and (23.8%) for the fifth, fourth ,third, second and first year students respectively , p value =0.001.There was no significant association between gender and autonomy ,justice and dignity ,beneficence ,non-maleficence and veracity knowledge level P value = (0.303),(0.064),(0.462),(0.114),(0.054) respectively. Conclusion: There is a good to fair knowledge in all stages regarding the medical ethics principles.

Ethical Consumerism and its effect on Purchase Decision: Evidence from Fashion Industry of Pakistan

In recent years, customer’s increasing awareness of ethical consumption has become increasingly important for the business environment and one’s lifestyle. Although it is observed that consumers are influenced by their ethical concerns but ethical consumptions lack from a consumer perspective. The theoretical framework of the paper portrays the multifaceted and complex ratio of the concepts of ethical consumption and the complexities that exist in the relationship between purchase influence and consumption in general. The study took a quantitative approach to find out how consumer purchase decision is affected by four antecedents namely, Ethical Knowledge, Environmental Concern, Personal Values, and Price Factor. Data was collected through a self-developed questionnaire and distributed among 200 respondents in Karachi, Pakistan. Multiple regression was applied through SPSS in the data. The results of the study show that all other variables show a significant effect on purchase decision except Ethical Knowledge. Therefore, it implies consumers are uncertain about which products and firms follow ethical rules and which do not. This study has theoretical and practical contributions in the fashion industry context. This research might encourage fashion brands to willfully take on green exercises and give strategic guidelines to advertisers and retailers about their sustainable retail practices.

Relevance of Moral Principles in Jaina Philosophy: In Present Situation

The Moral principles of Jaina Philosophy indicate that this philosophy represents the practical application of an ideal life. The systematic moral discipline laid down by Jaina Philosophy lights up one person from the common level and makes him enabled of knowing and practicing truth through a highly moral and spiritual course of conduct. Jainism is said to be based on the three basic principles known as ‘Ratnatraye’ or the three Gems ( right belief, right knowledge and right conduct). Jainism is a system that has taken up the path of non-violence for ages and is still applying this ideal to mankind’s practical life in the contemporary age. It lays emphasis on the practice of the principles of non-violence in every individual from which it is evident that its ultimate goal is the well – being of mankind and social improvement. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse how the ethical principles of Jaina Philosophy is relevant to present time situation in maintaining peace and harmony in the society. There is no denying the fact India is a Lord of spiritualism. The Upnishada, the Gita, the Bhudhist Tripitakas and the Jaina Agams – all these regard spiritual realization as the highest object of human life. In these works, ethical utterances are intertwined with spiritual expressions. Ethical knowledge is the base of humanity. It is the root of human value. Today, when the mind set of people has been polluted of illegal activities, the question– what is morality is surprisingly found to be forgotten by the society. The human race has remarkably become crooked, engulfed in unlawful deeds like injustice, enmity, malice etc. Here comes the relevance of the discussion on ethical knowledge most befittingly during this time in the world. The endless treasure of vast knowledge that had once been designed by the ancient Indian monks, enlightened with the incessant worship of wisdom, is considered an invaluable asset in the field of world ethical knowledge through the ages. Through this paper a modest effort is being made to have an insight towards the ethical lessons prescribed in Jaina Philosophy.

Nurses’ self-assessed moral courage and related socio-demographic factors

Background: Nurses need moral courage to ensure ethically good care. Moral courage is an individual characteristic and therefore it is relevant to examine its association with nurses’ socio-demographic factors. Objective: To describe nurses’ self-assessed level of moral courage and its association with their socio-demographic factors. Research design: Quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. The data were collected with Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale and analyzed statistically. Participants and research context: A total of 482 registered nurses from a major university hospital in Southern Finland completed the Finnish language version of Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale in autumn 2017. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the university ethics committee and permission for the data collection from the participating hospital. Ethical principles and scientific guidelines were followed throughout the research process. Findings: Nurses’ self-assessed level of moral courage was rather high. On Visual Analogy Scale (0–10), the mean value was 8.20 and the mean score of the four dimensional, 21-item Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale was 4.09 on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Respondents’ gender, present work role, ethical knowledge base, additional ethics education, self-study as a means to acquire ethical knowledge, and frequency of work situations needing moral courage were statistically significantly associated with nurses’ moral courage. Discussion: Strongest association was found between nurses’ higher moral courage level and formal and informal ethics education. Honesty and patient’s humane and dignified encounter received the highest scores indicating respondents’ internalization of the core values of nursing. Conclusion: Although nurses were fairly morally courageous, moral courage should be a part of nurses’ basic and continuing education thus covering its theoretical and practical learning. Since moral courage is a virtue that can be taught, learnt, and practiced, education is a relevant way to maintain and further strengthen nurses’ moral courage.

Ethical Process and Medical Consideration on the Viability Limit of the Extreme Premature in Northeast Mexico

One of the big challenge of neonatologists is the decision on the viability and need of treatment of an extreme preterm newborn. Even with all the technological and scientific advances only preterm at 23 week of gestation are able to survive, but frequently with many complications. Neonatologist face an ethical dilemma and many of them put the decisions of initiate medical treatment as shared decisions between parents and practitioners. For many neonatologists in northeast of Mexico states the real viability limit is 26 gestational weeks. In this paper, we discuss the ethical principles involved in the decision of the limits of viability, the natural law paradigm, the deontology, the utilitarianism and the bioethics principles. The way this decision is constructed is not universal, because it is culturally influenced, and depends on experience, scientific and ethical knowledge. Many neonatologists do not know in deep the ethical principles needed to make these decisions and act more intuitively.

Ethical Friction

This chapter describes a music program in the Richmond, Virginia, city jail and the ethical ambiguities arising from the author’s overlapping roles as organizer and observer. The author examines the vague boundaries between applied and academic ethnomusicology, voluntarism and work, and personal and institutional ethical standards. An ethnomusicological approach to music in jails and prisons exposes ethical frictions between policies, methodologies, and codes espoused by IRB (or other ethics review) boards, ethnomusicologists, their interlocutors, and academic societies. The tension between the author’s status as a volunteer and ethnographer raises a number of questions: How is ethical knowledge differently defined? Which definitions have more authority and how is that authority established? Where are the epistemological and ethical boundaries between academic and applied ethnomusicology? How is ethnographic knowledge connected to social change? An examination of the ethnomusicology’s relationship to IRBs reveals ongoing ethical ambiguities, especially regarding research on “vulnerable populations.” The author examines the ways in which IRBs might impede the production of public knowledge that would serve the ethical demands of social justice.

THE EFFECT OF KNOWLEDGE OF ETHICS, RELIGIOSITY, ETHICAL SENSITIVITY, ETHICAL ORIENTATION TO ACCOUNTING STUDENTS PERCEPTION OF CREATIVE ACCOUNTING PRACTICES

Creative accounting is an ethical dilemma because it does not seem to violate the rules but causes users of financial statements to make wrong decisions. With the occurrence of various accounting scandals abroad and in Indonesia that has committed creative accounting actions, it is evident that there are still many accountants who violate the basic principles of professional accounting ethics and from creative accounting actions that have resulted in companies collapsing. This study aims to examine whether there is a relationship between ethical knowledge, religiosity, ethical sensitivity, and ethical orientation to accounting students' perceptions of creative accounting practices. The subjects of this study were students of higher education accounting study programs in West Java. The research method used in this research is quantitative with a questionnaire. The survey was conducted on 320 respondents of higher education accounting students in West Java. The analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS software. The results of this study indicate that: ethical knowledge has a positive effect on accounting students' perceptions of creative accounting practices, religiosity does not affect accounting students' perceptions of creative accounting practices, ethical sensitivity has a positive effect on accounting students' perceptions of creative accounting practices, ethical orientation does not affect perceptions. accounting students regarding creative accounting practices. And simultaneously ethical knowledge, religiosity, ethical sensitivity, and ethical orientation affect the perceptions of accounting students regarding creative accounting practices as evidenced by the F value of 62.587> F table 2,4003 and a significance value of 0,000 <0.05.