Antidiabetic Potential Screening of Ulin Fruit Extract (Eusideroxylon zwageri) Against Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Empirical evidence of complementary medicine from one community in Kalimantan often uses Ulin fruit (Eusideroxylon zwageri) for medical therapy or as herbal drinks by people with diabetes mellitus. This research aims to identify the antidiabetic compound of Ulin fruit extract against Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Extraction was performed by maceration method using 96% ethanol, phytochemical test of extracts, extract toxicity test on mice (50 mg/BW to 200 mg/BW), test antidiabetic extract in diabetic rats induced by STZ as much as 70 mg/kgBW with each extract dose of 150, 300, and 600 mg given for 14 days, positive control is Glibenclamide 0.25 mg/kg/day, and the negative control is CMC 1%. Phytochemical test results showed that the extract of Ulin contains alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and steroids. Ulin fruit extract was not toxic to rats at 50, 150, and 200 mg for three days. Based on the Mann-Whitney test, there was an effect of giving the extract on changes in the average body weight and body temperature of rats during three days of administration (p = 0.000). The results showed novelty that the extract of Ulin fruit affected reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic rats during 14 days of administration (p=0.000).Keywords: Antidiabetic, Eusideroxylon zwageri, flavonoids, streprozotocin, diabetic rats

Morphological Responses of a Light-Demanding Alstonia scholaris and a Shade-Tolerant Eusideroxylon zwageri to the Air Humidity and Light Intensity

The response of tropical trees to the change of light intensity has been reported to be varied among different species. Some reports argued that the growth was increasing parallel to the increasing of light intensity, but other reports mentioned that the sensitivity to the light intensity was depending on the species. Another environmental factor that has been scientifically proven to affect tree growth is humidity. While humidity itself also directly affected by the light intensity in the forest ecosystems. Therefore, it is possible that the growth pattern of trees under different light intensities is also affected by air humidity under the canopy. This research aimed to study the growth response of a light-demanding Alstonia scholaris and a shade-tolerant Eusideroxylon zwageri to the different levels of air humidity and light intensity. The experiment was conducted in Jambi, Indonesia from April to November 2019. The experiment was carried out using split plot design with factorial treatments. The main plot was the air humidity with three levels and the sub plots was light intensity with five levels. Four replicates were applied. In general, the A. scholaris tends to be more sensitive to the humidity and light intensity compared to E. zwageri. In particular, A. scholaris tends to be more sensitive to the light intensity while, E, zwageri is more sensitive to the humidity. However, there is also strong indication that the effects of light intensity to the growth, especially for A. scholaris, was affected by the humidity level.

UJI KONDUKTIVITAS TERMAL KOMPOSIT POLIESTER FILLER SERBUK KAYU ULIN (EUSIDEROXYLON ZWAGERI)

To find out the best thermal conductivity value on the volume fraction of ironwood polyester filler composite (Eusideroxylon Zwageri) and to determine the effect of the number of voids on the value of the thermal conductivity of the ironwood polyester composite composite (Eusideroxylon Zwageri). This study uses an experimental method by conducting thermal and microstructure conductivity tests to see the many voids that have formed. The object in this study uses ironwood powder. Data analysis techniques in this study used descriptive data analysis which is describing research results graphically in a table. Input parameters in analyzing data include variations in the mixture of ironwood powder and resin (20% -80%, 25%: 75% and 30%: 70%), and 100% resin. The results of the study of the effect of the volume fraction of ironwood polyester composite composites on the value of thermal conductivity decreased with increasing volume of ironwood powder with the smallest thermal conductivity value at 30% volume fraction of ironwood powder : 70% polyester resin matrix that is 0.041 W/moC. The influence of the amount of voids on the thermal conductivity value of ironwood polyester composite composites can be seen that the more voids the smaller the thermal conductivity values. The number of voids along with the increasing volume of ironwood powder.

INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ULIN BARK (Eusideroxylon zwageri) EXTRACT TO Lactobacillus acidophilus

Background: Lactobacillus acidophilus is a bacterium which plays a role in dental caries. It is believed as a pioneering bacterium in advanced caries and much likely to be isolated in dentin caries zone, resulting in the needed for tooth restoration. The use of 2% Chlorhexidine digluconate as cavity cleanser is recommended as an effort to prevent seconday caries but can cause side effects. One of the natural materials that can be used as a cavity cleanser is ulin bark extract (Eusideroxylon zwageri), a traditional medicine originally from Kalimantan, because it contains phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin and terpenoid. Purpose: To discover the inhibitory activity of ulin bark extract on Lactobacillus acidophilus growth. Methods: This was a true experimental laboratory and post test only with control group design, that used 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% concentrations of ulin bark extracts and K(+) 2% Chlorhexidine digluconate. Difussion method was used to test inhibitory activity with 6 treatment groups and 4 replications, comprising a total of 24 samples. All groups were incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC temperature. The inhibition zone was measured using calipers. Results: The 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% concentration of ulin bark extracts and 2% Chlorhexidine digluconate had an average inhibition zone of 7.17 mm, 9.02 mm, 11.14 mm, 13.06 mm, 15.17 mm and 19.22 mm. One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Bonferroni tests showed significant difference between all groups. Conclusion: Ulin bark extract can inhibit Lactobacillus acidophilus growth starting from 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% concentration.

Preliminary assessment of ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binnend.) stand on the KPPN Bulian of the District VIII of PT. Wirakarya Sakti, Jambi as seed source candidate

Ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) is one of Indonesia’s most economically valuable timber tree species and was listed as Vulnerable in 1998 by the IUCN. To support conservation activities and establish E. zwageri’s plantation, good quality planting stocks should be collected from specific seed sources. Currently, there is only one ironwood seed source in Sumatra that has been registered. This study aimed to assess the potential for an ironwood stand on the KPPN Bulian of the District VIII of PT. Wirakarya Sakti is to be proposed as a seed source. The assessment was conducted on July 2020 by a 100% inventory of ironwood trees in the area of 43 ha. Every individual tree and copy of ironwood was measured for its stem diameter and tree height and observed for its health, flowers, fruits, and seedlings in the ground. In total, 1,029 individual trees, copies and seedlings were recorded. Among them, 116 trees were found to have young fruits and seedlings emergence in the forest floor. Generally, the ironwood stand is sound and meets the criteria to be registered as an identified seed stand of ironwood.

Innovation of Substitute Material to Conservation Effort of Eusideroxylon Zwageri on Wooden Bridge Maintenance Project

Infrastructure in the form of bridges is very important for Buntok Regency in Central Kalimantan where the area is swampy or lowland area. Total wood bridge construction is 45% from total 163 bridge in this area that most of them are not proper condition considering some wood materials need to be replaced. The innovation has been created to find the effective way how to maintenance the wooden bridge that has been idle for long time due to broken material on superstructure of the bridge. The floor of bridge that constructed with previous materials of ulin wooden bridge replaced by composite materials with floordeck concrete combination. The implementation of Tampa Bridge maintenance innovation showed better performance in terms of safety, comfortable and smoothness of bridge users from community around. In terms of budget aspect, the maintenance is cumulatively more efficient than if carrying out floor changes every year considering no longer possible to find ulin wood anymore. On technical point of view, with reinforced concrete can be applied to wooden bridges selectively only on ulin wooden bridges whose substructure is still intact and only minor damage to the spoorband and floor occurs. Bridge maintenance procedures need to be create to keep better maintenance for longer life time of the existing bridge that can be applied for another wooden bridge for maintenance.

Pengujian Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) dengan Menggunakan Metode DPPH

Antioxidants are electron-donating compounds or reductants, these compounds have small molecular weights, but can deactivate the development of oxidation reactions by preventing the formation of free radicals. One of the plants that have potential as natural antioxidants is the Ulin leaf (Eusideroxylon zwageri). This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracts of young and old leaves of Ulin plants against DPPH radicals (1, 1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Both young and old leaves were extracted using methanol at room temperature then concentrated using a vacuum rotary evaporator to obtain a crude extract. Phytochemical analysis was conducted to identify the secondary metabolite compounds which include flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoid saponins, and steroids. To determine the antioxidant activity, the test was carried out with series concentrations aimed at calculating the IC50 value, the concentration at which the test sample was able to inhibit 50% of the free radical DPPH The phytochemical analysis showed that young and old leaves contained the same phytochemical content, specifically Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, terpenoids, while Alkaloids and steroids were not detected. The antioxidant activity test showed that the IC50 value of young leaves, old leaves, and Ascorbic acid as the positive control were 22.93 ppm, 13.31 ppm, and 7.08 ppm consecutively. This result shows that Ulin leaves are in a strong category because both young and old leaves have an IC50 value of less than 100 ppm.

Influence of Mixture Composition and Compaction Pressure of Briquette Made from Ironwood (Eusideroxylon Zwageri) Charcoal and Gelam (Melaleuca Cajuputi ) on Combustion Characteristic

<p class="02abstracttext">In recent few years, many works have been dedicated to search for new source of renewable energy. In this study, new source of renewable energy is based in the briquette made from mixture of ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) powder and gelam (Melaleuca leucadendron) wood powder. The mixture was carbonized at temperature of 500 ^oC ± 10 ^oC for 120 minutes. The size of the particles used was 50 mesh while the ratio between wood powder adhesives, i.e. starch powder, used in the study was 1:1. The composition variations between ironwood charcoal and gelam were 100% ironwood charcoal powder and 0% gelam, 70%: 30%, 50%: 50%, 30%: 70%, 0% ironwood: 100% gelam. The compaction pressure during briquette production was varied at 100 kg/cm², 125 kg/cm² and 150 kg/cm². The highest combustion temperature at 205 ^oC occurred in the specimen with composition of 30% ironwood powder and 70% gelam wood powder with compaction pressure of 100 kg/cm². The longest burning duration 140 minutes (2 hours 20 minutes) occurred at composition of 50% ironwood powder and 50% gelam wood powder at compaction pressure of 150 kg/cm². The fastest initial ignition time was 7 minutes and occurred for mixture with composition of 70% ironwood powder and 30% gelam wood powder at compaction pressure of 125 kg/cm².</p>

An assessment of genetic variation in vulnerable Borneo Ironwood Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. in Sarawak using SSR markers

Borneo Ironwood Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn. has high market value for its valuable and durable timber, which has put it at risk due to illegal logging. This study analysed E. zwageri genetic variation using four microsatellite markers in populations at Nirwana Rehabilitation Forest (NRF), and Tatau, Sarawak. We found that 20.1% of total genetic variation corresponded to differences between populations, while 79.9% was attributed to differences among individuals from the same population. The Tatau population had lower genetic diversity compared to NRF, and both populations showed depressed heterozygosity indicative of inbreeding. Allelic data were also used to confirm variety level differences proposed by earlier workers, and three informal varieties: zwageri, grandis, and exilis were recognized in the study area. It is expected that the results from this study could serve as baseline data for conservation of this vulnerable species.

THE EFFECT OF ULIN (Eusideroxylon zwageri) STEM BARK EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF Candida albicans ON ACRYLIC RESIN DENTURE PLATES

ABSTRACTBackground: Candida albicans is the main microorganism that causes denture stomatitis, thus denture soaking in cleansing solution is needed to protect them from Candida albicans contamination. The 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate is one of denture cleansers that induce side effects at prolonged use. An alternative ingredient that can be used as a denture cleanser is ulin stem bark extract. Objective: To determine the effect of ulin stem bark extract at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% concentration on the growth of Candida albicans on acrylic resin denture plates. Method: True Experimental with post-test only with control group design was employed under 7 treatment groups consisting ulin stem bark extract at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% concentration, 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, and aquadest in a total of 28 samples. Acrylic resin samples that had been exposed to Candida albicans weresoaked in respective treatment for 15 minutes. Results: The average of Candida albicans colonies on acrylic resin denture plates after soaking in ulin bark extract at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% concentration, 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, and aquadest were 29.5 CFU/ml, 13.0 CFU/ml, 0 CFU/ml, 0 CFU/ml, 0 CFU/ml, 0 CFU/ml, and 155 CFU/ml. Based on Mann Whitney test, there was no significant difference when ulin stem bark extract at 60% concentration was compared to 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluoconate. Conclusion: Ulin stem bark extract at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% concentration have been proven to reduce Candida albicans colonies on acrylic resin denture plates, and the 60% concentration is equivalent to 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate.Keywords: Candida albicans,Eusideroxylon zwageri, Heat cured acrylic resin. Ulin stem bark extract.