The Impact of Rhodiola Rosea On Biomarkers of Diabetes, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota in a Leptin Receptor-Knockout Mouse Model

Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent endocrine disease in the world, and recently the gut microbiota have become a potential target for its management. Recent studies have illustrated that this disease may predispose individuals to certain microbiome compositions, and treatments like metformin have been shown to change gut microbiota and their associated metabolic pathways. However, given the limitations and side effects associated with pharmaceuticals currently being used for therapy of diabetes, there is a significant need for alternative treatments. In this study, we investigated the effects of a root extract from Rhodiola rosea in a Leptin receptor knockout (db/db) mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Our previous work showed that Rhodiola rosea had anti-inflammatory and gut microbiome-modulating properties, while extending lifespan in several animal models. In this study, treatment with Rhodiola rosea improved the insulin response, and significantly decreased serum lipopolysaccharide and C-reactive protein levels. We hypothesize that these changes may in part reflect the modulation of the microbiota, resulting in improved gut barrier integrity and decreasing the translocation of inflammatory biomolecules into the bloodstream. These findings indicate that Rhodiola rosea is an attractive candidate for further research in the management of type 2 diabetes.

Optimization of Biomass Accumulation and Production of Phenolic Compounds in Callus Cultures of Rhodiola rosea L. Using Design of Experiments

Rhodiola rosea L. is a valuable medicinal plant with adaptogenic, neuroprotective, antitumor, cardioprotective, and antidepressant effects. In this study, design of experiments methodology was employed to analyze and optimize the interacting effects of mineral compounds (concentration of NO3− and the ratio of NH4+ to K+) and two plant growth regulators [total 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) concentration and the ratio of BAP to NAA] on the growth and the production of total phenolic compounds (TPCs) in R. rosea calluses. The overall effect of the model was highly significant (p < 0.0001), indicating that NH4+, K+, NO3−, BAP, and NAA significantly affected growth. The best callus growth (703%) and the highest production of TPCs (75.17 mg/g) were achieved at an NH4+/K+ ratio of 0.33 and BAP/NAA of 0.33, provided that the concentration of plant growth regulators was 30 μM and that of NO3− was ≤40 mM. According to high-performance liquid chromatography analyses of aerial parts (leaves and stems), in vitro seedlings and callus cultures of R. rosea contain no detectable rosarin, rosavin, rosin, and cinnamyl alcohol. This is the first report on the creation of an experiment for the significant improvement of biomass accumulation and TPC production in callus cultures of R. rosea.

Ecological and morphological features of Rhodiola rosea L. in natural populations in the Altai Mountains

The paper presents the results of the comprehensive study of Rhodiola rosea L. in natural populations in the Altai Mountains. The phytocoenotic confinement, demographic structure, and morphological characters of coenopopulations of Rh. rosea were studied in different ecological and coenotic conditions in the Chemal and Kosh-Agach regions of the Republic of Altai. Correlation between the morphometric parameters and their calculated values for the shoot and sex of the studied individuals, as well as environmental factors, was revealed. Rhodiola rosea L. is a valuable medicinal plant used for functional diseases of the central nervous system. At present, the natural reserves and areas of natural growth of the golden root have decreased significantly. The species is included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2008) and many regional Red Data Books of Siberia. In the Altai Mountains, Rh. rosea is widespread throughout the highlands, where it has occupied a wide range of habitats. The study showed that the highest values of ecological and effective density are characteristic of coenopopulations which are part of various hygrophytic variants of alpine and subalpine miscellaneous herbs with a high total projective cover of the herbaceous layer (CP 1, 2, 3, 4). The lowest values were found for coenopopulations growing in communities with a scarce herbaceous layer or dense shrub layer, and on steep gravelly slopes with crumbling soil and nonuniform moisture distribution (CP 5, 6, 8, 9). The studied coenopopulations are normal, full-membered, or incomplete-membered (some of them lack postgenerative individuals). In terms of the ontogenetic spectra, they are mainly left-sided, with a predominance of young generative individuals (CP 4, 5, 7) or bimodal, with an additional peak for old&nbsp;generative individuals (CP 2, 3, 6, 8). Male and female individuals Rh. rosea differ in many morphometric characters of the generative shoots. In some coenopopulations (CP 2, 3, 6, 9), male and female individuals show multidirectional deviation of characters compared to the totality, which indicates that in different environmental conditions these characters are not only genetically determined but can also be related to the sex of individuals.

EFFECT OF AN EXTRAGENT ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE LIPOPHILIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE EXTRACTS OF RHODIOLA ROSEA L. AND ON THE EXTRACTS ACTIVITY

The composition of the plant Rhodiola rosea L. lipophylic substances was studied. Acidic and neutral components were identified by gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry. With methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as an extractant instead of the volatile solvent diethyl ether, lipophylic extract was obtained. Methyl-tert-butyl ether used as an extraction solvent for raw materials has all the advantages of diethyl ether, being free of its disadvantages. It does not form peroxides or produce elevated partial gas pressure due to its higher boiling point. As a result, comparison with databases identified some triterpene, phenolic and aliphatic acids with chain lengths 12 to 30 carbon atoms, including saturated, unsaturated, and dibasic acids. In addition to the components known from the literature, more than 50 triterpene and aliphatic compounds were detected in the unsaponifiable residue and acidic fractions for the first time. The hexane extract and the product obtained by the stepwise extraction of MTBE after the extraction of low-polarity compounds with hexane were investigated in a similar way. In the case of an extract obtained using MTBE after the extraction of low-polarity components with hexane, there was shown a more efficient extraction of benzoic and cinnamic acids compared to the exhaustive extraction of MTBE. These acids are absent in the hexane extract. Ethanol extraction was also carried out to test bioactivity: exhaustive and after hexane and MTBE extraction. Extracts obtained using MTBE and ethanol showed anti-virus activity against Ebola psevdovirus.

Enhancing the Accumulation of Rosavins in Rhodiola rosea L. Plants Grown In Vitro by Precursor Feeding

Rhodiola rosea produces nearly 150 bioactive compounds. Cinnamyl alcohol glycosides (CAGs) are among the most important secondary metabolites which are specific to this plant species, exhibiting adaptogenic properties along with salidroside. However, raw material supplies for the pharmaceutical industry are hindered by limited access to the plant material. The species is endangered and protected in many areas: cultivation is long and ineffective. Precursor feeding has been found to be an effective strategy for improving the production of secondary metabolites in various plant tissues cultures, including in Rhodiola species. In this study, whole R. rosea plants grown in vitro were subjected to three different precursor treatments, including with trans-cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol at 2 mM concentrations. The different treatments affected the secondary metabolite production differently. Trans-cinnamic acid did not affect the synthesis significantly, which contradicts earlier studies with cell suspensions. On the other hand, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamaldehyde were beneficial, improving the production rate of rosin and rosavin by 13.8- and 6.9-fold, and 92.7- and 8.0-fold, respectively. The significant improvement in CAG accumulation due to cinnamaldehyde treatment was unexpected based on previous studies. In addition, cinnamaldehyde triggered the production of rosarin, which the other two treatments failed to do. The study presents the beneficial application of precursors to whole plants grown in vitro.

Traditionelle Nutzung von Arzneimitteln aus Rhodiola rosea (Rosenwurz)

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Pflanzliche Arzneimittel finden in Deutschland traditionell sehr häufig Anwendung. Ihre Nutzung beruht auf einem jahrhundertelangen Erfahrungsschatz. Historische Quellen werden jedoch bei der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung pflanzlicher Arzneimittel häufig außer Acht gelassen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden narrativen Übersichtsarbeit ist es, am Beispiel der Arzneipflanze Rhodiola rosea (Rosenwurz) einen umfassenden Überblick über den integrierten Forschungsstand zu dieser Pflanze zu liefern. Hierfür wurde historische Literatur zur traditionellen Nutzung von R. rosea sowohl aus naturwissenschaftlicher als auch aus geschichtswissenschaftlicher Perspektive analysiert und in einer beschreibenden Zusammenfassung dargestellt. Zusammenfassung Insgesamt wurden 15 historische Quellen mit Informationen zur traditionellen Nutzung von Rosenwurz identifiziert. Die historische Quellenlage ist allerdings als sehr überschaubar einzuschätzen. Die erste Erfassung von R. rosea zur medizinischen Verwendung geht zurück auf Dioskurides in der Antike. Viele der zeitlich nachfolgenden Quellen beziehen sich bei ihrer Beschreibung von Rosenwurz direkt auf die Darstellungen des Dioskurides. Alle gefundenen Quellen zu Rosenwurz beschreiben eine Anwendung bei Kopfschmerzen. Darüber hinaus wird eine Anwendung bei Geschwülsten, Periodenbeschwerden, Leberleiden, „Wassersucht“, „Hysterie“ sowie eine nervenstärkende Wirkung beschrieben, welche sich durchaus in modernen Studienergebnissen wiederfinden lässt. Die heutige medizinische Nutzung von R. rosea als Adaptogen mit stressprotektiver Wirkung wird in der Form jedoch nicht in den historischen Quellen beschrieben. Im Gegensatz zur heutigen Anwendung in Form von Kapseln, Tabletten oder Tropfen erfolgte die traditionelle Anwendung hauptsächlich äußerlich in Form von Salben, Pasten oder Wickeln. Zu konkreten Anwendungsmodalitäten lassen sich nur wenige bis keine Informationen aus den vorliegenden Quellen gewinnen. Eine weiterführende systematische Recherche von historischen Quellen Nord- und Osteuropas stellt aufgrund des Vorkommens der Pflanze in überwiegend zirkumpolaren und alpinen Regionen möglicherweise eine wertvolle Ressource für zusätzliche Informationen dar. Kernaussage Historische Quellen zu traditionellen medizinischen Verfahren stellen eine wichtige Informationsquelle für die heutige Wissenschaft dar, welche dazu beitragen können, die heutige, gut etablierte medizinische Anwendung zu untermauern und darüber hinaus wertvolle Ansatzpunkte für neue Forschungsrichtungen bieten.