COVID-19 and childhood obesity (CO-BESITY) in the era of new normal life: A need for a policy research

Background: In the era of new normal life (after Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)), our children are experiencing the double threat of COVID-19 and Childhood Obesity (CO-BESITY). The rate of childhood obesity has been rapidly increasing in developed as well as low middle-income countries during the pandemic. Design and Methods: The current paper aims to identify the probable reasons of increase in childhood obesity during this pandemic and offers suggestions to reduce the burden of it. Literature search was done using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases for the key terms “childhood obesity,” “obesity,” “pandemic,” and/or childhood obesity. All the relevant articles were included to support the argument for this viewpoint. Results: Childhood obesity is a complicated disorder having diverse outcomes. The incidence of childhood obesity is clearly analysed from Bronfenbrenner's model of child development. The model examines an overabundance of bio-psycho-social backgrounds, risks, and probable outcomes on the development of a child. COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the ecosystem of this dynamic model and has created an economic and social-cultural crisis that has ignited a chain reaction of stressors upon children and their families. In this paper, we have described how this Bronfenbrenner's model of child development also known as the Bioecological Model can be effective for the estimation and prevention of childhood obesity. Conclusion: We propose that this Bioecological Model will help the children and their families further to understand and manage the problem of childhood obesity during this pandemic on their own.

Language Development in Context

Young children learn to communicate in the language(s) of their communities, yet the individual trajectories of language development and the particular language varieties and modes of communication children acquire vary depending on the contexts in which they live. This review describes how context shapes language development. Building on the bioecological model of development, we conceptualize context as a set of nested systems surrounding the child, from the national policies and cultural norms that shape the broader environment to the particular communicative interactions in which children experience language being used. In addition, we describe how children's developing sensory-motor, perceptual, and social-cognitive capacities respond to and are tuned by the surrounding environment. Closer integration of research on the mechanisms of language learning with investigation of the contexts in which this learning takes place will provide critical insights into the process of language development.

Participación y satisfacción en un programa bioecológico en Educación Física en función del sexo, edad y necesidad educativa en un centro de compensatoria

El propósito del presente estudio es analizar los niveles de participación y satisfacción en un programa de Educación Física siguiendo un modelo bioecológico en función del sexo, la edad y la necesidad educativa. Participaron 136 estudiantes con una edad media de 14.25 años (DT = 1.66), todos pertenecientes a un centro público ubicado en una zona en riesgo de exclusión. Los resultados revelaron que los niveles de participación no dependían del sexo, edad o necesidad educativa. Los valores de participación atenta y falta de asistencia no fueron positivos (participó un 55.3% y faltó el 45.6%); sin embargo, la participación relativa sí fue satisfactoria (entre un 68 y 90%), así como el disfrute (89.8%) y valor del programa para la vida personal (93.2%). Se sugiere replantear los programas de compensación educativa dando protagonismo a la Educación Física desde una orientación bioecológica. The purpose of this study is to analyze the levels of participation and satisfaction in a Physical Education program following a bioecological model according to sex, age and educational need. A total of 136 students with an average age of 14.25 years (DT = 1.66) participated, all belonging to a public centre located in an area at risk of exclusion. The results revealed that the levels of participation did not depend on sex, age or educational need. The values of attentive participation and lack of attendance were not positive (55.3% participated and 45.6% were absent); however, relative participation was satisfactory (between 68 and 90%), as was enjoyment (89.8%) and value of the program for personal life (93.2%). It is suggested that educational compensation programs be rethought, giving prominence to Physical Education from a bioecological orientation.

Compreendendo o Baixo Rendimento Escolar Infantil a partir da Visão Biológica do Desenvolvimento Humano

In the field of teaching and learning, there are different factors underlying school performance, which can be addressed from the perspective of the bioecological theory of human development. The present work aims to understand the low school performance of children from the bioecological model of human development by Urie Bronfenbrenner, investigating learning in a holistic way, not attending to a single element. The study addresses the interrelationship between the family and school environments, showing that the context is a structuring component of the child’s development and learning, as well as providing an understanding of low school performance from the reciprocal interactions between individual and contextual characteristics.

Perkembangan kognitif dalam Islam dan model bioekologi urie bronfenbrenner untuk hidup di era revolusi 4.0

Human development is influenced by many factors so that each stage requires different treatments in order to become fully human. This study aims to describe the human development of the bioecological model and be related to the concept of human development in Islam. The method used is a literature review, by reviewing a number of scientific articles published from 2010 - 2020. Articles obtained from a number of indexed journals such as Google Scholar, Copernicus, Scopus Elsevier, Sage publication and other indexes. The results showed that there were five (5) stages of human development in the bioecological model including microsystems, mesosystems, ecosystems, macrosystems, and chronosystems. There are nine (9) stages of human development in an Islamic perspective ranging from 0 years to 80 years and above. In life in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 there are several points that become basic principles such as flexibility, efficiency, digitalization, decentralization, and individualization of needs. The conclusion of this research is that for every child development, it cannot be carried out directly with the pattern of the industrial revolution 4.0, each stage requires a different treatment so that the pattern of life in accordance with the Islamic religious guidance without lagging with the current of globalization. Perkembangan manusia dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor sehingga setiap tahap membutuhkan perlakuan yang berbeda agar dapat menjadi manusia seutuhnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perkembangan manusia model bioekologi dan dihubungkan dengan konsep perkembangan manusia dalam islam. Metode yang dilakukan adalah literature review, dengan merivew sejumlah artikel ilmiah yang terbit sejak tahun 2010 – 2020. Artikel diperoleh dari sejumlah jurnal terindeks seperti google scholar, copernius, scopus Elsevier, Sage publication dan indeks lain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada lima (5) meliputi mikrosistem, mesosistem, eksosistem, makrosistem dan kronosistem. Terdapat Sembilan (9) tahapan perkembangan manusia mulai dari 0 th hingga 80 th ke atas. Dalam kehidupan di era revolusi industri 4.0 ada beberapa poin yang menjadi prinsip dasar yaitu fleksibilitas, efisiensi, digitalisasi, desentralisasi dan individualisasi kebutuhan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pada setiap perkembangan anak, tidak bisa langsung dijalankan dengan pola revolusi industri 4.0, setiap tahapan memerlukan perlakukan yang berbeda agar pola kehidupan sesuai dengan tuntuan agama Islam tanpa tertinggal dengan arus globalisasi.

Public Policies in the Rural Area of São João del-Rei: An inhabitants’ view

This work aims to investigate the view the inhabitants of the Rural Area of São João del-Rei have about the environment surrounding them and about the public policies for the region. The methodology used is founded on Qualitative Epistemology, focusing on the participants’ subjectivity. Interviews were made with eleven participants from six rural communities based on their life history. The analysis of the data was performed based on concepts from Environmental Psychology and from the Bioecological Model of Human Development. The results indicated that the inhabitants see themselves as inhabitants of rural areas; they described the existing public policies and pointed out the needs found in this context. The need of formulating adequate public policies for the scenario presented is considered.