INFORMAL ARISTOCRATIC COMMUNITIES IN 17th AND 18th CENTURY FRANCE AS A TRIGGER FOR THE FORMATION OF THE CIVILIZATION IMAGE

Статья посвящена характеристике некоторых черт варварства и цивилизации в контексте их общественного развития и оппозиции. Акцент сделан на одной из форм социального общения, связанной с интеллектуальной сферой, а именно, на неформальных сообществах Франции. Такими сообществами, среди прочих, были салоны, которые появились как форма проведения досуга французской аристократии в XVII в., но особенно востребованными они стали в эпоху Просвещения, в условиях трансформации социальных структур и духовно-культурных основ общества. Ряд просветительских положений, ставших фундаментом теорий современности (в частности, идеи превосходства цивилизованных народов над варварскими и необходимости их «цивилизовать»), разрабатывались как раз в салонах аристократии, которые, таким образом, стали триггером актуальных идейных концепций. Авторы полагают, что в XVIII в. во Франции в рамках салонных собраний выработалась своеобразная коммуникативная практика в интеллектуальной сфере, которая сформировала культурный образ цивилизации, одна из основных черт которого — интеллектуальное общение, сложившееся в систему правил. The article focuses on one of the forms of social discourse in the intellectual sphere, French informal communities, in particular. Such communities, among others, included salons, which appeared as a form of leisure for the French aristocracy in the 17th century, yet demand for them surged in the Age of Enlightenment, that came with transformations of social structures, spiritual canons, and cultural foundations. A number of educational policies, which served as the base for the theories of our time (particularly the idea of civilized people superiority over barbarians and the need to “civilize” them), were developed in such salons for the aristocracy, hence making them a trigger for the spread of new societal and philosophical ideas. The authors believe that the intellectual sphere of the 18th century France has developed a kind of communicative practice within the framework of salon meetings that formed the cultural image of civilization, with intellectual discourse, forming a system of rules, as one of its main features.

Residential Mobility and Post-Move Community Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence from Guangzhou, China

In the last few decades, urban communities in China have experienced unprecedented social and spatial changes under the heightened mobility, which is induced by urban redevelopment and expansion. Prior works of community satisfaction of Chinese urban residents gave little attention to the influence of past residential mobility experiences, which is insufficient to capture the dynamics of urban community in a rapidly changing environment. The paper attempts to address this deficiency in the literature by including characteristics of a resident’s last mobility experience in the model to understand the resident’s community satisfaction based on a city-wide survey in Guangzhou, China. The two-level linear hierarchical regression analysis substantiates the importance of the last mobility experience in a resident’s satisfaction with current community. It reveals that those experienced the “upgrade” relocation from informal communities to formal communities, or former work unit compounds to developed commodity housing estates, will be more satisfied with the community than those did not have such experience. It also reveals that the effects of a resident’s personal and socio-economic characteristics on the resident’s community satisfaction also heavily depend on his or her most recent mobility pattern. The findings in this paper have both policy and practical implications for informing community governance and urban planning in China and worldwide.

“Unforgotten” informal communities and the COVID-19 pandemic: Sitio San Roque under Metro Manila’s lockdown

Purpose This paper aims to offer Sitio San Roque, an informal settlement in the Philippines as a case study to explore long-term "forgetful" urban development planning in the Philippines, and the renewed visibility of the urban poor under COVID-19 lockdown. It connects scholarship on informality to issues of housing and political rights in Metro Manila to further investigate how vulnerable communities in the Global South are faring in the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach This is an exploration of Sitio San Roque, an informal settler community in Metropolitan "Metro" Manila, Philippines. This paper refers to recent journalistic reports pertaining to the community's ongoing evictions and arrests while under Metro Manila's "enhanced community quarantine." Furthermore, it converses with literature from disciplines including health-care policy, urban studies and recent studies on COVID-19 and vulnerable communities to critically discuss the plight of the urban poor in the pandemic-stricken Metro Manila. Findings The urban poor and members of informal communities such as Sitio San Roque are especially vulnerable to contracting COVID-19 because of precarious livelihoods and housing instability. The creation of informality in Metro Manila can be traced to political tensions, economic agendas and development planning since the time of Marcos' administration and also to global restructuring during the 1990s. However, also important to note is that under Metro Manila's lockdown, informal settlers are further disenfranchised and stigmatized via ongoing demolitions and evictions, as well as by processes of policing and criminalization by the state. The use of military and police personnel as a way to enforce lockdown in the metropolis further impedes on the rights of informal settlers and the urban poor. Originality/value Recent scholarship and reports discuss the challenges for informal communities and the urban poor in navigating the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly due to their housing conditions and loss of economic stability. This paper contributes to a critical understanding of these issues by adding the dimensions of political and housing rights. It refers to the case study of members of Sitio San Roque, who have experienced continuous threats of demolitions and arrests by state police for protesting the lack of government aid under lockdown. Both military approaches of governance and housing informality work in tandem to expose the vulnerabilities of the urban poor in Metro Manila's pandemic. Finally, this paper extends on urban studies scholar Gavin Shatkin's concept of “forgetful planning” (2004) by applying his discussions to the current context. Informal settlers have long been “forgotten” by the state's development plans, but are now remembered and deemed more visible in Metro Manila's ECQ.

Identifikasi Karakteristik Kawasan Informal Pesisir Kota Bandar Lampung dan Kerentanan terhadap Dampak Perubahan Iklim (Studi Kasus : Kelurahan Kota Karang dan Kangkung)

This research aims to identify the characteristics of informal areas in Kelurahan Kota Karang and Kelurahan Kangkung and their vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Climate change is a high-risk threat in the future, events such as flash floods, tidal flooding and water crisis will continue to worsen in coastal areas, and informal communities as a vulnerable group will be greatly affected by this. The method of data collection in this study uses the independent interview method, literature review and observation. The data analysis method used is descriptive qualitative analysis. According to the results of the analysis, the region has endeavored to deal with various shocks and pressures, and has characteristics of resilience as a capital of resilience in facing the impacts of climate change. However, they have not been able to solve all the existing problems.

Sentiment Analysis on Social Network

As the Web quickly advances, Web clients are developing with it. In a time of social connectedness, individuals are turning out to be increasingly more excited about associating, sharing, and teaming up through informal communities, online networks, sites, Wikis, and other online communitarian media. Lately, this aggregate insight has spread on various zones, with specific spotlight on fields identified with regular daily existence, for example, business, the travel industry, instruction, and wellbeing, making the size of the Social Web extend exponentially

Menn, maskuliniteter og faghierarkier

Men, Masculinities and Professional Hierarchies Research on gender equality in academia only addresses men’s experiences to a limited extent, and the significance of masculine norms is also poorly elucidated. In this chapter, we present our results on the effects of male dominance in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Oslo. We first discuss whether it is an advantage to be a man at the faculty. The simple answer, based on our data, is “yes”. However, although we could not identify a specific “male” pattern of problems, a significant proportion of men experience problems – some feel “as affected as women” and oppose specific measures for women. There are also indications of informal communities of men, a poorly-considered majority position, the notion that an academic career is incompatible with family and caregiving – not just for women, but for men too – and tendencies toward an unyielding connection between men, masculinity and professional hierarchies.

The Role of Community Development in Slum Electrification Efforts in Ashaiman, Ghana

Upon its introduction into slums in Ghana as a result of its contribution to development in rural communities, community development has been adopted to provide some basic amenities such as houses and toilet facilities in such informal communities. With limited access to electricity being a major problem in Ashaiman slums, various stakeholders such as the Electricity Company of Ghana and non-governmental organizations have employed community development mechanisms to assist the inhabitants in electrification projects in Ashaiman slums. This qualitative study was conducted to investigate how community development has fared in the electrification efforts, focusing on the contributions it has made and the challenges encountered. The practice has improved the dialogue and relationship between the communities and officials of the Electricity Company of Ghana and led to the electrification of some neighbourhoods. However, slum electrification efforts have been impeded by tribal differences among the inhabitants due to the high ethnic diversity, and lack of resources. It is therefore important that leaders of the tribes work towards uniting their subjects for their participation in electrification efforts.

New Trends in the Digitalization of Social Welfare and Social Services in Russia

in the article on the basis of the network approach, a scientific analysis of trends in the digitalization of social welfare and social services is proposed, the stages of this process are highlighted. The features of interaction of social work subjects with citizens in the context of digitalization in Russia are shown. Particular emphasis is placed on the inevitability of accelerating the introduction of digital technologies under the influence of the self-isolation regime due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Based on a number of empirical studies conducted in the Perm Region in 2019–2020, the problems and prospects of digitalization of the social welfare system and social services are described, new trends in this area are shown. We also is analyze the formation of informal communities in the virtual space, allowing the population to independently create additional, alternative channels of self-information about measures of social support or social services. Some recommendations are proposed for improving the process of digitalization of social welfare and social services, some expectations of society in this direction are shown.

Colonial Community Life

Between the early sixteenth and late eighteenth centuries Spanish colonial life was undergirded by a general theory, not always realized in practice, that social and political order would come from imposed categories of identity and community. Spanish colonizers’ ideas about community formation in Mexico were expressed in the two-republic system, ideas about purity of blood, and the caste system. These imperial ideas were put into practice in many ways: through formally created Catholic communities such as female convents and confraternities and through informal communities such as those formed by African-descent people, crypto-Jews, and previously enslaved people known as maroons. Ideas about race, gender, and class, as well as factors such as occupation, neighborhood, membership in religious groups, and family ties all shaped these formal and informal communal groupings which at times supported viceregal objectives of maintaining order and at other times weakened viceregal rule.

Bio-meteorological assessment of outdoor micro-entrepreneurial informal communities in extreme heat- A case of two tropical Indian megacities

<p>Extreme heat and associated health risks are increasingly becoming threats to urban populations, especially in developing countries of the tropics. Although human thermal exposure in cities has been studied across the globe, biometeorological conditions in mixed-used spaces, informal economic activity settings, and informal settlements have received little attention. We present a comparative analysis of outdoor thermal comfort for informal micro-entrepreneurial communities in Kolkata and Mumbai. Both cities belong to the Aw Köppen Climate Classification, which signifies tropical hot and dry or Savannah climate. Due to excessive humidity, uncomfortable thermal conditions persist year-round in both cities.</p><p>An extensive thermal comfort perception survey was conducted between November 2018 and August 2019 in three similar neighborhoods in each city with over 650 valid samples. The microentrepreneurial locations included two pottery markets (Kumbhadwada in Mumbai,  Kumartuli in Kolkata); two flower markets that are linear stretches of informal activity areas along very important transportation networks (Dadar in Mumbai, Mallickghat in Kolkata); a book selling and book binding market (Boipara in Kolkata); and an informal commercial area with apparel shops (Fashion Street in Mumbai).</p><p>Results show that outdoor thermal comfort varied by city, micro-enterprise, and season. Overall, Kolkata respondents reported warmer sensations compared to Mumbai respondents. During the winter, neutral Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) was 27.50<sup>o</sup>C in Kolkata and 23.75<sup>o</sup>C in Mumbai. Annual neutral PET was 22.7°C and 26.5°C in Mallickghat and Boipara, respectively. Respondents in Boipara were more sensitive towards warmer sensation than in Mallickghat. Even during the winter, people reported warmer sensation votes. PET was a better predictor of the mean Thermal Sensation Vote (mTSV) compared to air temperature. In Mumbai, we report higher neutral PET for activities at the clothing market compared to other microentrepreneurial activities. Acclimatization significantly improved comfort in the summer, while evaporative cooling was beneficial in the winter. We further employed an ANCOVA to analyze the impact of various non-climatic variables on thermal comfort. Results reveal that behavioral and physiological attributes (presence in the location, expectation, beverage intake) impact the overall sensation in both cities. Availability of shading was a significant parameter in Kolkata, while shading had a negligible effect on outdoor thermal sensation in Mumbai neighborhoods.</p><p>This is the first study to assess outdoor thermal comfort conditions and perceptions of populations involved in various outdoor informal economic activities in India. Findings of this study help understand the heat health risks of informal communities and inform the design and revitalization of such spaces to improve thermal comfort.</p>