ANALYSIS OF MIXED INDONESIAN LANGUAGE WITH OTHER LANGUAGES ON SOCIAL MEDIA

Indonesian is a national and unity language for Indonesian people. Every day, Indonesian people use Indonesian as the primary language to communicate with others. In this era of digitalization, the use of the Indonesian language on social media is inseparable. In social media language style, everyone has their way. One of them is using the language mixture while communicating on social media. Indonesian people often mix the Indonesian language with other languages such as local language and foreign language. Based on this situation, this research aims to provide facts and analyze the use of language mixture between the Indonesian language and other languages on social media. The method research is descriptive qualitative with observation through 5 social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Tiktok, Twitter, and Youtube. The results of this research are 50 data from 5 social media platforms that mixed the Indonesian language with other languages. This research has limitations that are, the data observation-only observed 5 social media platforms and got only 50 data of mixed-language.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC REPRESENTATIONS REGARDING LINGUISTIC CHARCTERISTICS OF UKRAINIAN, RUSSIAN AND SURZHYK IN UKRAINIAN MEDIA DISCOURSE

This article examines the widespread social perception of the linguistic characteristics of Ukrainian, Russian languages and Surzhyk, which is commonly known as a mixed language of the two. The aim of this article is to establish a common interpretation of their forms and uses from a sociolinguistic perspective to clarify their perceived valuation in the situation of language contact. We rely especially on the theories of sociolinguistic representations and language majoration and minoration, elaborated in the French sociolinguistics, which allows us to have a clear view of the dynamic system within the multilingual communities. This study gives a detailed analysis of journalistic articles dedicated to language issues in Ukraine published on the internet, for gaining a broad and topical sets of data. Our results show that there exists a complex relation between the mixed language and the two languages, where on the one hand Surzhyk is interpretated to be constructed from the Ukrainian and Russian languages, while on the other hand, the illiterateness of its speakers is emphasized. Furthermore, we see that speaking Surzhyk could in fact be more negatively perceived than speaking Russian, since it has the potential to pose a threat to the existence of the Ukrainian language.

Bilingual speech in Jaru–Kriol conversations: Codeswitching, codemixing, and grammatical fusion

Aims and objectives: Language contact in the Yaruman community of Western Australia has led to prevalent bilingual practices between the endangered language Jaru and the creole language Kriol. This study examines ordinary conversations in the community and investigates whether the observable bilingual practices are interactionally relevant, and whether codemixing has led to the emergence of a conventionalised mixed language. Approach: The research is based on a qualitative analysis of bilingual speech in natural conversation. The approach combines the methodological framework of interactional linguistics with an analysis of the grammatical structures of conversational data. Data and analysis: The analysed data consist of two hours and thirty minutes of transcribed video recordings, comprising 13 casual multi-party conversations involving all generations in the Yaruman community. The recordings were made using lapel microphones and two high-definition cameras. Findings: Bilingual Jaru–Kriol speakers use codeswitching as an interactional resource for a range of conversational activities. In many cases, however, speakers’ code choices are not interactionally relevant. Instead, codemixing is often oriented to as a normative way of speaking and participants exploit their full linguistic repertoire by relatively freely combining elements from both languages. There are also signs of morphological fusion in the mixed speech of younger Jaru speakers, who more frequently combine Kriol verb structure and Jaru nominal morphology. However, this morphological split is not fully conventionalised and variation is still substantial. Originality: The bilingual speech continuum is supported by the analysis of conversational data in a situation of language shift. This article shows that fusion involving core grammatical categories can occur among a subgroup of speakers without developing into a community-wide mixed language. Significance: The study contributes to a better understanding of community bilingualism and bilingual practices in a situation of language shift. It demonstrates how codeswitching, codemixing, and grammatical fusion can co-exist in a bilingual community.

Descriptive Study of Eastern Hindi: A mixed language

In this paper, we give a description of one of the varieties of Eastern Hindi spoken in thecentral, Magahi-speaking parts of Bihar (the variety spoken in and around the capital city ofPatna) and present the case for it being a mixed language. Based on extensive empiricalevidence, we conclude that Eastern Hindi is a conventionalised/plain mixed language(following the classification given in Bakkar (2000) and Matras and Bakker(2003)) which hascome into being because of contact between the official Hindi and Magahi spoken in theregion.

Evidentiality in Selibu

Selibu is a Mandarin-Khams Tibetan mixed language with about 900 native speakers in northwest Yunnan, People’s Republic of China. As a Form-Semantics mixed language, it derives most of its lexicon and grammatical morphemes from Southwest Mandarin and borrows its morphosyntactic and semantic structure from Alangu Tibetan. This article examines the contact-induced emergence of a five-category complex evidential system in Selibu with a detailed comparison with its source system in the model language, Alangu Tibetan. Our discussion focuses on the hybrid features of Selibu evidentiality in both forms and functions and also on its structural formation, which does not represent a Form-Semantics mixed type in this particular domain.

Modulatory Effects of Language Context on Executive Functioning in Multilinguals

The advantages of bilingualism on executive functioning have received intense attention over the past decade with recent research patterns converging on multilingualism rather than just bilingualism. However, whether an advantage exists is far from conclusive, with convincing evidence on both sides of the debate. The present study investigated whether multilingual experience predicts better executive functioning (EF), and if language contexts modulate the relationship. 77 English-Mandarin simultaneous multilinguals completed a modified flanker task which varied according to language context (Neutral, Single-language or mixed-language contexts). Participants were instructed to ignore the task-irrelevant words during the single context blocks (English or Mandarin only) and mixed-language block (English & Mandarin). The first key finding is that multilingual experience predicted better performance but only in the mixed-language block. Second, language context moderates the strength of the relationship between multilingualism and flanker task performance. These findings provide direct evidence for the Adaptive Control Hypothesis. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated the use of a novel measure of multilingualism – the Multilingual Language Diversity score – as a significant predictor of enhanced EF in different language contexts. We end this paper by discussing practical guidelines for research moving forward.

Four Swedish verbs and a functional distinction

Dalrymple and Lødrup (2000) propose that (tensed) clausal complements have the OBJ function in some languages, the COMP function in others and both functions in still another set. They treat Swedish as a mixed language. In this chapter, Zaenen and Engdahl look more closely at Swedish data discussed in the chapter and supplement them as more electronic data have become available and some of the criteria used have been refined (as is also documented in more recent work by Lødrup (2002), Lødrup (2004), and Lødrup (2012) for Norwegian). Their investigation also illustrates that two related issues need further study: the status of agent phrases in the various forms of passive in Swedish and the status of DP complements in some of the alternations with sentential complements.

Proactive language control during bilingual sentence production

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: While evidence for proactive language control processes has been found during single word production, very little and conflicting evidence has been observed for such control processes during sentence production. So, the main goal of this study was to investigate whether proactive language control can occur during sentence production. Design/methodology/approach: To investigate proactive language control during sentence production, we relied on a description task in single and mixed language blocks. Data and analysis: Mixing costs and the reversed language dominance effect of language intrusions and filled pauses were used to examine proactive language control. Findings/conclusions: Evidence for proactive language control during sentence production came from the mixing cost effect observed with both language intrusions and filled pauses. Whereas no reversed language dominance effect was observed in mixed language blocks, a significant difference in language pattern was observed between single and mixed language blocks, indicating that proactive language control of the first language might be implemented in mixed language blocks during sentence production. Originality: Unlike the vast majority of studies investigating language control, this study relied on sentence production instead of single word production. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine filled pauses to gain insight into language control. Significance/implications: These data indicate that proactive language control can be implemented during bilingual sentence production.

Is it easier to use one language variety at a time, or mix them? An investigation of voluntary language switching with bidialectals

Previous language production research with bidialectals has provided evidence for similar language control processes as during bilingual language production. In the current study, we aim to further investigate this claim by examining bidialectals with a voluntary language switching paradigm. Research with bilinguals performing the voluntary language switching paradigm has consistently shown two effects. First, the cost of switching languages, relative to staying in the same language, is similar across the two languages. The second effect is more uniquely connected to voluntary language switching, namely a benefit when performing in mixed language blocks relative to single language blocks, which has been connected to proactive language control. If a similar pattern could be observed with bidialectals in a voluntary language switching paradigm, then this would provide additional evidence in favor of similar control processes underlying bidialectal and bilingual language production.