Colonization through Municipalization: The Politics of Sanitation and Municipal Governance in the ‘Mofussils’ of Colonial Bengal, c. 1870–1940s

How does the state govern a territory which has rapidly grown to become one of the most densely populated regions of the province? How does the state account for the governance of a place which has only recently transitioned from a rural or a semi-rural tract to a town? Most importantly, how does the state govern a region where the main source of power resides with the proprietors of private enterprises? These were some of the questions the colonial state had to deal with when it was faced with the prospect of administering some of the most rapidly ‘urbanizing’ or expanding regions of Bengal. This included the industrial belt—the riparian municipalities of the districts of 24 Parganas and Hooghly—and the mining and railway junctions of Ranigunj and Asansol, which developed from the last quarter of the nineteenth century. How did their administration differ, if at all, from other mofussil municipalities which also had a semi-rural character? This article will examine these questions and try to understand how, through the process of municipalization, the colonial state was trying to control newer territories. It shall also analyse how local communities reacted to these attempts. This paper will argue that any attempt at improvement in these mofussil municipalities was hindered by alack of understanding, on the part of the provincial government, of the local socio-economic conditions and the ineffectiveness of the local self-government in these towns.

Colonization Through Municipalization: The Politics of Sanitation and Municipal Governance in the ‘Mofussils’ of Colonial Bengal, c. 1870–1940s

How does a state govern a territory which has seen a sudden spurt in population and become the most densely populated regions of the province? How does the state account for the governance of a place which very recently has seen the transition from a rural or a semi-rural tract to a town? And most importantly, how does the state govern a place where the main source of power resides with the proprietors of private enterprises? These were some of the questions which the colonial state had to deal with when it was faced with the prospect of administering some of the most rapidly ‘urbanizing’ or expanding regions of Bengal, that is, the industrial belt or the riparian municipalities of the districts of 24 Parganas and Hooghly and the mining and railway junctions of Ranigunj and Asansol from the last quarter of the nineteenth century. How was their administration going to be any different from the other mofussil municipalities, which also had a semi-rural character? This article will look at these questions and try to understand how through the process of municipalization the colonial state was trying to control the newer territories and how the locals reacted to these attempts. This article will investigate and hence argue that any attempt at improvement in these mofussil municipalities was being throttled due to the lack of understanding, on the part of the provincial government, of the local socio-economic conditions and the ineffectiveness of the local self-government in these towns.

Legal regulation of state and municipal governance of financial risks of public legal formations

В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы правового регулирования государственного и муниципального управления финансовыми рисками. Цель работы состоит в уточнении важных элементов системы экономической безопасности на основе обобщения подходов к ее построению. Автором раскрыты основные проблемы, на которые могут быть нацелены научные исследования по вопросам дальнейшего изучения и исследования практики управления финансовыми рисками в публично-правовых образованиях, показано, что внутрисистемные риски формируются как субъектами экономической безопасности, так и ее объектами, но их отличие от внешних угроз заключается в избирательном влиянии на объекты. Сделаны выводы, что снижение уровня финансовых рисков во многом может быть достигнуто благодаря их своевременной идентификации и политики самого государства. Отмечает, что в настоящее время накоплен значительный объем знаний, способных не только повысить эффективность бюджетной системы России, но и обеспечить ее безопасность и стабильность. Annotation. This article examines the issues of legal regulation of state and municipal financial risk management. The aim of the work is to clarify the important elements of the economic security system based on the generalization of approaches to its construction. The author reveals the main problems that can be targeted by scientific research on the further study and research of the practice of financial risk management in public law formations, it is shown that intrasystem risks are formed both by the subjects of economic security and its objects, but their difference from external threats consists in selectively influencing objects. It is concluded that the reduction in the level of financial risks can largely be achieved due to their timely identification and the policy of the state itself. Notes that at present, a significant amount of knowledge has been accumulated that can not only increase the efficiency of the budgetary system of Russia, but also ensure its security and stability.

The Regional and Municipal Governance Issues in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The monograph is devoted to actual issues of regional and municipal governance in the UK. The regional governance′s problems are considered on the examples of the devolution of Wales, the creation Greater London Administration and the unsuccessful attempt to regionalize England as a separate part of the UK. The problems of municipal management are considered on the example of boroughs - Greater London′s municipal districts.

Regulatory Legal Aspects of State and Municipal Governance in the Sphere of Information and Psychological Security of Citizens

The modern information environment is a complex social structure. The information that surrounds us every second can have both a fruitful influence, potentially leading to the development of the individual and society, and a negative one, which is aimed at the destruction of systems and humans. In modern society with its rapidly growing technical capabilities, volumes of produced and consumed information, the risks of information impact extend both to technical aspects of security and psychological and ideological ones. In this regard, the task of countering information threats at all levels is becoming a qualitatively new and important task. Russian legislation pays attention to all key areas of information security of society, but does not separate this concept by spheres of influence, examining the issue comprehensively. In the presented article, attention is paid to the analysis of the regulatory framework in terms of establishing the foundations of federal policy in the field of state development and in the field of preventing destabilizing information activity from the standpoint of external psychological information impact.

Vibrant Segues: Invisibly Vacant Storefronts, Tactical Urbanism and how embracing Failure may Benefit the Urban Planning Profession

Tactical urbanism initiatives working to combat the presence of vacant storefronts are not yet commonly found in Canadian cities. This paper reports on an interview study investigating the potential for tactical urbanism to enhance the vibrancy of commercial corridors in Toronto, Canada, and how such an initiative may affect a variety of potential stakeholders as well as its compatibility with municipal governance and planning practice. Results show popularity of concept amongst potential stakeholders, the need for changes to provincial legislation and the evolving role of the Toronto planning professional to tap into the experimental enthusiasm of local community players. Key words: tactical urbanism; vacant storefronts; Toronto.