mm waves
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Author(s):  
H. E. Adardour ◽  
S. Kameche ◽  
S. M. H. Irid ◽  
O. Benmostefa ◽  
A. A. Benamar

Abstract. This paper presents a user tracking algorithm in an IoT-5G Network (or IoT-5GN). Hereby, we aim at studying and evaluating the sensing performances of the IoT-5G Access Point (or IoT-5G AP) primary signal by the IoT-5G user in a cluttered indoor environment using an energy detector (or ED) algorithm and an Alpha-&-Beta Filter (ABF or α-β-F) estimator. The 5G primary signal (or 5G-PS) frequency that we would like to detect is: 60 GHz. As a result, the 5G-PS sensing via the proposed ABF-ED algorithm, enabled us to track the IoT-5G user inside of the IoT-5G AP coverage area. The performances of the proposed ABF-ED algorithm in this paper work is evaluated by the probability of total detection error (or PTDE) measure. Through different scenarios simulations, the performances and robustness of the proffered algorithm are demonstrated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 113106
Author(s):  
S. C. Schaub ◽  
Z. W. Cohick ◽  
B. W. Hoff

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Brandao ◽  
H.R.D. Filgueiras ◽  
S. Arismar Cerqueira
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Gennaro Gelao ◽  
◽  
Roberto Marani ◽  
Anna Gina Perri

In this paper we compare simulation results on a differential pair circuit using a CNTFET model, already proposed by us, with the result obtained using Stanford model. We study the case of differential pair with differential input and single ended output as core of a 50 GHz amplifier for mm waves band. We consider the case of a CNTFET having a single CNT tube with indices (19,0) and 25 nm long. For this circuit we present result for its main parameters: gain, input impedance, output impedance, noise and distortion. Since the Stanford model includes fixed capacitance, for comparison we applied the same capacitance on our model. Since this capacitances dominate the high frequency cut, results are not much different, except for the lack of noise modelling in the Stanford model.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Pall

Abstract Millimeter wave (MM-wave) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are predicted to not produce penetrating effects in the body. The electric but not magnetic part of MM-EMFs are almost completely absorbed within the outer 1 mm of the body. Rodents are reported to have penetrating MM-wave impacts on the brain, the myocardium, liver, kidney and bone marrow. MM-waves produce electromagnetic sensitivity-like changes in rodent, frog and skate tissues. In humans, MM-waves have penetrating effects including impacts on the brain, producing EEG changes and other neurological/neuropsychiatric changes, increases in apparent electromagnetic hypersensitivity and produce changes on ulcers and cardiac activity. This review focuses on several issues required to understand penetrating effects of MM-waves and microwaves: 1. Electronically generated EMFs are coherent, producing much higher electrical and magnetic forces then do natural incoherent EMFs. 2. The fixed relationship between electrical and magnetic fields found in EMFs in a vacuum or highly permeable medium such as air, predicted by Maxwell’s equations, breaks down in other materials. Specifically, MM-wave electrical fields are almost completely absorbed in the outer 1 mm of the body due to the high dielectric constant of biological aqueous phases. However, the magnetic fields are very highly penetrating. 3. Time-varying magnetic fields have central roles in producing highly penetrating effects. The primary mechanism of EMF action is voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation with the EMFs acting via their forces on the voltage sensor, rather than by depolarization of the plasma membrane. Two distinct mechanisms, an indirect and a direct mechanism, are consistent with and predicted by the physics, to explain penetrating MM-wave VGCC activation via the voltage sensor. Time-varying coherent magnetic fields, as predicted by the Maxwell–Faraday version of Faraday’s law of induction, can put forces on ions dissolved in aqueous phases deep within the body, regenerating coherent electric fields which activate the VGCC voltage sensor. In addition, time-varying magnetic fields can directly put forces on the 20 charges in the VGCC voltage sensor. There are three very important findings here which are rarely recognized in the EMF scientific literature: coherence of electronically generated EMFs; the key role of time-varying magnetic fields in generating highly penetrating effects; the key role of both modulating and pure EMF pulses in greatly increasing very short term high level time-variation of magnetic and electric fields. It is probable that genuine safety guidelines must keep nanosecond timescale-variation of coherent electric and magnetic fields below some maximum level in order to produce genuine safety. These findings have important implications with regard to 5G radiation.


Author(s):  
Ulf Johannsen ◽  
Thomas A. H. Bressner ◽  
Amr Elsakka ◽  
A. Bart Smolders ◽  
Martin Johansson

Author(s):  
Ashraf Aboshosha ◽  
Mohamed B. El-Mashade ◽  
Ehab A. Hegazy

The narrow beam widths generally associated with antennas at higher frequencies has led to the study of using advanced multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and adaptive beam-forming. These antenna technologies are overcoming some of the challenging propagation characteristics of mm waves and could increase the spectrum efficiency, provide higher data rates, and adequate reasonable coverage for mobile broadband services. With the potential for higher 10+GHz frequencies as well as mm waves deployment, most 5G candidates bands in 20 to 50 GHz. The frequency band of 5G is proposed and demonstrated above 24GHz such as 28GHz to 38GHz. In this chapter, the authors present a design of 28GHz for 4 Elements microstrip patch array antenna for future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone applications. The designed antenna can be implemented using low cost FR-4 substrates, while maintaining good performance in terms of gain and efficiency. In addition, the simulated results show that the antenna has the S11 response less than -10 dB in the frequency range of 22 to 34 GHz.


Author(s):  
Carlos Baquero Barneto ◽  
Sahan Damith Liyanaarachchi ◽  
Taneli Riihonen ◽  
Mikko Heino ◽  
Lauri Anttila ◽  
...  

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