pastoral landscapes
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2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna L. Pettersson ◽  
Claire H. Quinn ◽  
George Holmes ◽  
Steven M. Sait ◽  
José Vicente López-Bao

Wolf populations are recovering across Europe and readily recolonize most areas where humans allow their presence. Reintegrating wolves in human-dominated landscapes is a major challenge, particularly in places where memories and experience of coexistence have been lost. Despite the observed expansion trends, little has been done to prepare communities for the return of these apex predators, or to understand what fosters and perpetuates coexistence. In this study, we present a theoretical framework for resilient coexistence based on four conditions: Effective institutions, large carnivore persistence, social legitimacy, and low levels of risk and vulnerability, nested within the social-ecological systems (SES) concept. To empirically show how the conditions can be manifested and interconnected, and how this knowledge could be used to improve local coexistence capacities, the framework is applied in a case study of human–wolf relations in Spain. We examined three traditionally pastoral landscapes at different states of cohabitation with wolves: uninterrupted presence, recent recolonization, and imminent return. We found that both the perceptions of wolves and the capacity to coexist with them diverged across these states, and that this was largely determined by a diversity of vulnerabilities that have not been recognized or addressed within current management regimes, such as economic precarity and weak legitimacy for governing institutions. Our results illustrate the importance of working in close contact with communities to understand local needs and enhance adaptive capacities in the face of rural transitions, beyond those directly related to wolves. The framework complements emerging tools for coexistence developed by researchers and practitioners, which offer guidance on the process of situational analysis, planning, and resource allocation needed to balance large carnivore conservation with local livelihoods.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Costa-Araújo ◽  
José S. Silva- ◽  
Jean P. Boubli ◽  
Rogério V. Rossi ◽  
Gustavo R. Canale ◽  
...  

AbstractAmazonia has the richest primate fauna in the world. Nonetheless, the diversity and distribution of Amazonian primates remain little known and the scarcity of baseline data challenges their conservation. These challenges are especially acute in the Amazonian arc of deforestation, the 2500 km long southern edge of the Amazonian biome that is rapidly being deforested and converted to agricultural and pastoral landscapes. Amazonian marmosets of the genus Mico are little known endemics of this region and therefore a priority for research and conservation efforts. However, even nascent conservation efforts are hampered by taxonomic uncertainties in this group, such as the existence of a potentially new species from the Juruena–Teles Pires interfluve hidden within the M. emiliae epithet. Here we test if these marmosets belong to a distinct species using new morphological, phylogenomic, and geographic distribution data analysed within an integrative taxonomic framework. We discovered a new, pseudo-cryptic Mico species hidden within the epithet M. emiliae, here described and named after Horacio Schneider, the pioneer of molecular phylogenetics of Neotropical primates. We also clarify the distribution, evolutionary and morphological relationships of four other Mico species, bridging Linnean, Wallacean, and Darwinian shortfalls in the conservation of primates in the Amazonian arc of deforestation.


2021 ◽  
pp. 002252662110311
Author(s):  
Zef Segal

Despite the dramatic effect of the railway age on the natural surroundings, it was not seen necessarily as destructive to nature. Railways were both the epitome of progress as well as integral features in pastoral landscapes. This seemingly paradoxical perception of railways is partially explained by historicising the “naturalisation” of the German train system. This article describes the rapid transformation of the German train from a symbol of dynamic industrialisation to an integral part of the landscape. Visual images, such as lithographs and postcards, were the catalysts in this process. Railway companies, local elites and travel guide publishers promoted the process of “naturalisation” for economic reasons, but the iconography was a result of visual discourse in nineteenth-century German culture. This paper shows that unlike American, British and French depictions of railways, German artists portrayed a railway system, which rather than conquering nature, was blending peacefully into an existing natural landscape.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Md. Abdulla-Al-Mamun

Being a dweller of Romantic ecology, William Blake familiarizes his readers with the slant of pastoral landscapes through the ecological sensibilities within the promiscuous city. In his poetry, he has speculated the adventurous plantation of slums in the metropolitan city in the light of machineries and matters that pack human in the box of ambitious dreams as the monstrous dreams of the metropolitan historicity root up the pastoral landscapes of Britain. Whereas critics engage themselves to explore the relation to the outcome of numerous English cultural dominations within his poetry, this study revisits the selected ‘ecopoetics’ through the lens of Marxism to explore the threats towards the green world, especially, within the city shore on Thames. Blake as a ‘green prophet’ enunciates the rural life that is pulverized by the mobility of the mechanistic forces of city life. These mechanistic forces are manipulated by the power of government, industrial revolution, commerce, and neo-colonialism in every day’s behavior in order to ensure the submissiveness of the working class in 18th century England. Thus, the paper aims to discuss the Marxist narratives of Blake’s ‘ecosophy’ that warns us against the severe repercussion of machines and its tyrannical reverberations over the marginalized in his selected poetry.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Ruiz-Villar ◽  
Fernando Jubete ◽  
Eloy Revilla ◽  
Jacinto Román ◽  
Fermín Urra ◽  
...  

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Syed Amir Manzoor ◽  
Geoffrey Griffiths ◽  
David Christian Rose ◽  
Martin Lukac

Changes in agricultural policy may have a rapid impact, even on landscapes which have taken millennia to form. Here we explore the potential impact of the UK leaving the EU as a catalyst for profound changes in the pastoral landscapes of Wales. Impending change of the trading regime governing agricultural produce, concurrent with public pressure to use agricultural subsidies for environmental goals, may lead to unforeseen consequences for the Welsh natural environment. We employ a combination of change demand modelling and a ‘story and simulation approach’ to project the effect of five hypothetical plausible scenarios on land use and land use change in Wales by 2030. We show that the most extreme trade scenario would result in a significant expansion of broadleaf woodland across much of Wales. By contrast, the ‘green futures’ scenario introduced to supersede the Common Agricultural Policy, results in significant expansion of woodland but not at the level seen with the more extreme trade scenarios.


Author(s):  
Syed Amir Manzoor ◽  
Geoffrey Griffiths ◽  
David Christian Rose ◽  
Martin Lukac

Changes in agricultural policy may have rapid impact even on landscapes which have taken millennia to form. Here we explore the potential of UK leaving the EU as a catalyst for profound changes in pastoral landscapes in Wales. Impending change of the trading regime governing agricultural produce, concurrent to public pressure to use agricultural subsidies for environmental goals, may lead to unforeseen consequences for Welsh natural environment. We employ a combination of change demand modelling and ‘story and simulation approach’ to predict the effect of five hypothetical scenarios on land use and land use change in Wales by 2030. We show that the most extreme trade scenario would result in a near-uniform distribution of broadleaf woodland across most of Wales. Abandonment of marginal and low productivity grazing would likely give way to afforestation, initiating a return to forested landscapes not seen in Wales for several thousands of years.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Pasta ◽  
Alfonso La Rosa ◽  
Giuseppe Garfì ◽  
Corrado Marcenò ◽  
Alessandro Silvestre Gristina ◽  
...  

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