Współczesne praktyki upamiętniania Wielkiej Wojny Ojczyźnianej w Kazachstanie

The history of the Great Patriotic War has now become a hostage to political games and the ambitions of a national power. The collapse of the Soviet Union not only led to the development of the republics, but also transformed the politics of memory concerning Soviet history. This article analyses contemporary practices of commemorating the Great Patriotic War in Kazakhstan. It is one of the few Central Asian republics that continues to celebrate 9 May. The author analyses cultural memory in the post-Soviet area using the example of Kazakhstan and shows how contemporary practices of commemorating the Great Patriotic War developed. She also shows the state practices of the social and communicative transmission of the history of Kazakhstan’s participation in the Great Patriotic War.

Most Central Asian states are comfortable with Taliban

Significance The Taliban victory creates threats and some opportunities for Central Asian republics, three of which -- Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan -- border on Afghanistan. All except Tajikistan have indicated they will work with the new Afghan authorities. Impacts Russia and Central Asian states, except Tajikistan up to a point, will not back anti-Taliban resistance groups. Weak Afghan governance creates more scope for heroin trafficking through Central Asia. Although China is the more important economic player in Central Asia, it will defer to Russia on security matters.

CPEC: POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT CHANGER FOR CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS

States are more inclined to create alliances with one another for economic growth since regional cooperation has the potential to boost small governments. As part of their efforts to shift the political atmosphere, Pakistan and China have taken steps towards improving their regional cooperation through connectivity. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a significant component of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). As a result of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the economies of its neighbours, notably the Central Asian Republics, Pakistan's GDP will develop dramatically. The signing of the agreement between Central Asia and South Asia is another CPEC-related economic initiative, as is CASA-1000 (CASA-1000). The TAPI oil pipeline, which will link Turkmenistan with Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, will be inaugurated at the same time. It is written from the perspective of Pakistan and the CARs' harmonic basis. The CPEC's value for China, Pakistan, and other nations as well as CARs is also examined.

Formation of sovereign Power systems in the “Young” Central Asian Republics in the Period 1991–2000

In 1991, with the collapse of the USSR, ffteen independent republics were formed At the same time, the processes that took place in the late Union influenced the further formation of sovereign power systems in the “young” states Among them are ideological and apparatus factors As a result, having different attitudes towards the collapse of the Union and the parade of sovereignties, all ffteen republics faced the task of fnding their own identity, both national and state-apparatus, and the need to form a personnel policy and build “power vertical” The Central Asian republics were no exception, where, in addition to the above tasks, the question of the influence of the tribalist factor was acute.

Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia and its Implications for Pakistan

China has been developing new commercial tracks worldwide to make its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) productive and to physically and economically link the neighboring CARs with itself. In this regard, China has been taking collaborative actions towards CARs to establish business linkages and building forward-looking infrastructure. Reciprocally, the welcoming gestures of the CARs towards these arrangements are becoming conspicuous. On the contrary, the West calls it Chinese efforts to put CARs in a strategic loop by helping their ailing economy. This paper, therefore, attempts to explore the advancement of BRI and the responses of the Central Asian Republics (CARs) towards this new development. In addition, the evolving situation shows that increasing partnership between the CARs and China significantly impacts the foreign and domestic policies of Pakistan because ChinaPakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is aligned with the BRI policy documents. Consequently, any new development in BRI will have substantial trickle-down effects on Pakistan. In this context, this article further examines the impact of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), as a core of BRI, on Pakistan. henceforth, the article reviews regional connectivity projects under BRI and calculates the potential impact of BRI on the political, economic, and societal spheres of Pakistan.

Stratification of bilingualism in Kyrgyzstan in the context of leading languages

The article is devoted to sociolinguistic monitoring of Bilingualism in the Regions of Kyrgyzstan. It is commonly known that Kyrgyzstan is a polyglossic state with many languages and many nationalities. Bilingualism is reflecting on language situation in regions, which makes the article extremely relevant. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the current situation in Kyrgyzstan, affected by the previous experiences of multilingualism, examples of the neighboring countries, and new nation-building expectations. The focus of our discussion is the changing role of Russian and its use as the language at the service of the growing Asian economies, denationalized and free from the Soviet historical-cultural background. The new hybrid culture and partly regionalized Russian language serve to unify Central Asian republics with Russia. The leading method for the study was the study of the Kyrgyz language in the context of the history the Kyrgyz people and the geographical position of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. It was found out that ? number of diverse and complex conditions and factors lead to life-long bilingualism. There are no theories of language studying and training is proficient of explaining bilingual spoken behavior and the mechanisms leading to bilingual language growth.

Afghanistan, the Amu Darya Basin and Regional Treaties

The Amu Darya Basin is included in various bilateral and regional treaties negotiated between Afghanistan and Russia/the former USSR, and among the Central Asian Republics. The former are boundary treaties, and do not cover the use of the Amu Darya. The latter are, inter alia, water-sharing agreements that govern the use of water. This article examines the current legal regime governing the Amu Darya. It addresses one specific question: What are the legal implications for Afghanistan of its exclusion from the regional legal framework governing the apportionment and utilization of the Amu Darya? The article argues that sustainable water resource management is dependent on the participation of all riparian states in the management of a shared watercourse and without Afghanistan’s inclusion in the regional water agreements or organizations governing the Amu Darya, no Central Asian regional water agreement or organization is complete. The article makes two further arguments. First, the equitable and reasonable utilization principle gives all riparian states the right to an equitable share in shared watercourses, therefore the downstream Central Asian Republics cannot prevent upstream Afghanistan from developing its freshwater resources. Second, even though Afghanistan is not a party to the agreements governing the use of the Amu Darya waters, the country can still be affected or harmed by downstream uses of these waters, as Afghanistan’s future use of the Amu Darya can be foreclosed or limited.

The Labor System in Crisis: The Limits of Mobilization

By 1943, the labor system was in crisis. The state switched its focus from the cities to the countryside, mobilizing people to work far from home. Hundreds of thousands of Central Asian peasants were sent to eastern towns. Factories, mines, and timber operations became multinational sites combining workers from more than fifty national and ethnic groups. By 1945, 70 percent of Russian women were engaged in waged labor. As the Red Army began liberating the occupied territories, more workers were needed to rebuild devastated towns and industries. Local soviets, collective farms, and industry fought fiercely over labor. Leaders of the Central Asian republics demanded the return of their citizens. The Committee to Enumerate and Distribute the Labor Force failed to meet the demands of industry, and vast backlogs undermined all semblance of planning. Hundreds of thousands of newly mobilized workers fled back home; others sickened and died from illness and starvation. The labor system, initially a powerful weapon in the struggle for defense production, reached an impasse.

Morphological and Ecological Features of Some Nematodes of the Genus Rhabdochona in Marinka Obtained From Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan

The aim is to study the morphological and ecological features of some nematode species of the genus Rhabdochona parasites of marinka fish in the Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan. Rhabdocona gnedini, Rhabdochona denudata and Rhabdocona hellichi turkestanica were detected as 5.3%, 7.9% and 3.7%, respectively. According to the Authors’ knowledge, Rh. hellichi turkestanica was recorded in Uzbekistan and Central Asian republics for the first time. Rhabdocona spp. were only detected in the intestine of marinkas lived in the mountain rivers Rezaksay, Chodaksay and small tributaries of the Syrdarya river in western Fergana. Some abiotic factors such as the flow rate, water temperature and high content of dissolved oxygen in it, as well as the nutritional characteristics of the fish can be most important factors to spread of Rh.denudata, Rh. gnedini, Rh. hellichi turkestanica in marinkas from mountain rivers of the Fergana Valley.