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2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 874
Author(s):  
Marwa F. E. Ahmed ◽  
Amr Abd El-Wahab ◽  
Jan-Philip Kriewitz ◽  
Julia Hankel ◽  
Bussarakam Chuppava ◽  
...  

This study aimed to evaluate the influences of different flooring designs and feed particle sizes on the spread of Salmonella (S.) in broiler chickens. Birds (n = 480) were allocated to four different housing systems (fully littered with and without floor heating, partially and fully slatted flooring with sand bath) and two dietary treatments (finely and coarsely ground diets) in 24 boxes. Two broilers per box were experimentally infected with S. Enteritidis (8.00 log10 CFU/bird) at d 17. Salmonella prevalence in caecal contents and the liver was highest in broilers housed on fully slatted floor until d 36/37 (88.1% and 91.5%, respectively), and lowest in litter flooring (caecal content 64.4%) and litter flooring with floor heating (liver 61.7%). In turn, broilers on littered flooring expressed the lowest Salmonella counts in caecal content at d 36/37 (2.21 ± 1.75 log10 CFU/g), partial slatted flooring the highest (3.76 ± 1.46 log10 CFU/g). The mean Salmonella count in the caecal content was significantly lower for birds fed a coarsely ground diet (0.96 and 1.94 log10 CFU/g) than a finely ground diet (5.07 and 3.34 log10 CFU/g) at d 23 and d 36/37, respectively (p < 0.0001). Slatted flooring with a sand bath did not show advantages in terms of Salmonella reduction, whereas the coarsely ground diet markedly reduced the spread of Salmonella.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa G Neven ◽  
Tewodros Wakie ◽  
Wee L Yee

Abstract The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious pest of apple in North America that is subject to quarantine measures to prevent its spread to currently pest-free regions, including the tropics. How the fly may survive in warmer climates is unclear. Here, we studied the effects of exposing postchill puparia to simulated temperate and tropical environmental conditions on eclosion of R. pomonella from Washington State, U.S.A. Puparia were chilled for 0–30 wk at 3°C and then held under four postchill conditions: A = 23°C, 16:8 L:D, 40% RH; B = 26°C, 12:12 L:D, 80% RH; C = 26°C, 16:8 L:D, 80% RH; and D = 23°C, 12:12 L:D, 40% RH, with B and D representing tropical conditions and A and C temperate conditions. Within each chill duration, total numbers of flies eclosed were equally high in tropical treatment B and temperate treatment C, while they were lower in treatments A and D. Mean weeks of the first eclosion in treatments B and C were earlier than in treatment D; mean week of peak eclosion and 50% eclosion in treatments A, B, and C were earlier than in treatment D. Eclosion spans in treatments A, B, and D were generally shorter than in treatment C. Results suggest that if introduced into a humid tropical country, R. pomonella puparia from Washington State could produce adult flies, regardless of chill duration or lack of chilling during the pupal stage, but whether flies could establish there would require further study.


Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Karolina Subko ◽  
Sara Kildgaard ◽  
Francisca Vicente ◽  
Fernando Reyes ◽  
Olga Genilloud ◽  
...  

The marine-derived fungus Stilbella fimetaria is a chemically talented fungus producing several classes of bioactive metabolites, including meroterpenoids of the ascochlorin family. The targeted dereplication of fungal extracts by UHPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS revealed the presence of several new along with multiple known ascochlorin analogues (19–22). Their structures and relative configuration were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR. Further targeted dereplication based on a novel 1,4-benzoquinone sesquiterpene derivative, fimetarin A (22), resulted in the identification of three additional fimetarin analogues, fimetarins B–D (23–25), with their tentative structures proposed from detailed MS/HRMS analysis. In total, four new and eight known ascochlorin/fimetarin analogues were tested for their antimicrobial activity, identifying the analogues with a 5-chloroorcylaldehyde moiety to be more active than the benzoquinone analogue. Additionally, the presence of two conjugated double bonds at C-2′/C-3′ and C-4′/C-5′ were found to be essential for the observed antifungal activity, whereas the single, untailored bonds at C-4′/C-5′ and C-8′/C-9′ were suggested to be necessary for the observed antibacterial activity.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244825
Author(s):  
Hadi Atashi ◽  
Anise Asaadi ◽  
Miel Hostens

In the present study, records on 115,291 heifers distributed in 113 herds were used to investigate the association between age at the first calving (AFC) and lactation performance, lactation curve, the length of the first calving interval (CI), calf birth weight (CBW), and the incidence of dystocia in Holstein heifers in Iran. Based on the AFC, the heifers were classified into eight classes: AFC of 541 to 690 d, 691 to 720 d, 721 to 750 d, 751 to 780 d, 781 to 810 d, 811 to 840 d, 841 to 900 d, and 901 to 1200 d (AFC1 to AFC8, respectively). Multiple regression mixed models were used to investigate the association between AFC and lactation curve parameters, partial and 305-d lactation performance, 100- and 305-d SCS, and the length of the first calving (CI) interval. The mean (SD) and median AFC across all heifers was 760.2 (74.01) and 750 d, respectively. Of 115,291 heifers included, 28,192 and 7,602 heifers were, respectively, ≤ 720 and > 900 d when calving for the first time. More than 44% of the heifers were at 691 to 750 d (23 to 25 months) of age when calving for the first time. An increased AFC was associated with increased partial and 305-d lactation performance, 100- and 305-d SCS, initial milk yield, milk production at the peak of lactation, upward and downward slopes of the lactation curve. The 305-d fat percentage was associated with AFC; however, there was no association between AFC and 305-d protein percentage. An increased AFC was also associated with decreased milk production persistency, delayed peak time, longer CI, and higher calf birth weight. Compared to heifers calving for the first time between 691 to 780 d (23 to 26 months) of age, both increasing and decreasing AFC were associated with increased risk of dystocia. Controlling AFC is an important management factor in achieving a lower risk of dystocia, higher lactation performance, lower SCS, and shorter length of the calving interval.


2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 231-232
Author(s):  
Thiago Martins ◽  
Felipe A C C da Silva ◽  
Mariana Sponchiado ◽  
Gabriela A Soriano ◽  
Leonardo M F Pinto ◽  
...  

Abstract Induction of puberty by treating heifers with progesterone (P4) inserts may favor pregnancy/AI (P/AI) to a subsequent estrus synchronization program. However, it remains to be elucidated whether induction is required when the synchronization program contains P4 supplementation. To address this question, yearling, Brahman-influenced heifers (mostly 3/8 Brahman) classified as pubertal (PUB; n = 363) or prepubertal (PRE; n = 214) based on the presence of a CL, were assigned to receive no P4 supplementation (NoCIDR) or a CIDR for 10 days, starting on D-23. On D-13, all heifers received a dose of prostaglandin analogue and CIDRs were removed. On D-9, all heifers were enrolled in a 6-day CIDR & TAI protocol. Heifers were serviced based on heat between D-2 and D0 or were TAI on D0. Reproductive tract scores (RTS, 1 to 5 scale) were evaluated on D-23 and D-3. Induction increased the proportion of PRE heifers bearing a CL on D-3 (PRE|CIDR: 60.3% vs. PRE|NoCIDR: 42.7%). Among heifers with CL on D-3, P/AI of PRE heifers (42.5%) was similar to that PUB (47.7%). Conversely, for heifers without CL on D-3, P/AI of PRE (14.7%) was lower than PUB (37.3%). RTS increased between D-23 and D-3 from 2.3 to 4.0 (CIDR) and 2.3 to 3.6 (NoCIDR). For every 1-point increase in RTS, P/AI was 6–9% greater. Despite hastened puberty, P/AI of PRE heifers were less (PRE|NoCIDR: 29.2% and PRE|CIDR: 30.4%) than that of PUB (PUB|NoCIDR: 50.7% and PUB|CIDR: 42.2%). Less PRE (42.5%) than PUB animals (69.7%) were AI at estrus, and heifers showing estrus had a higher P/AI (52.8% vs. 18.7%). In conclusion, induction is not required when the subsequent synchronization protocol for AI contains progesterone. Induction hastened puberty attainment but failed to improve estrus response and fertility to the synchronization protocol.


2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 93-93
Author(s):  
Ellen Davis ◽  
Jen Christianson ◽  
Samantha Anderson ◽  
Tom Rehberger ◽  
Justin Sawall

Abstract A Bacillus probiotic administered to sows was evaluated to determine the effect on their litters and subsequent pig growth response during the nursery phase. The study included 500 sows (250 sows/trt) fed a control or treatment diet with two Bacillus subtilis strains administered at 3.7x105 CFU/g of feed beginning three days after mating. Pigs (n=1,100) weaned from the sow phase were divided into 44 pens (22 pens/trt) and fed a common diet to determine the effect of sow treatment on post-weaning growth performance. Fecal samples were collected from a subset of sows (25/trt) at d112 of gestation and d19 of lactation, and from two pigs/pen in the nursery on d3 post-weaning for microbial enumeration. A blood sample was obtained from two pigs/pen on d3 and serum cytokines and the acute phase protein, α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were quantified. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS; sow/litter and pen served as the experimental unit. Litter weaning weights did not differ, but Escherichia coli counts were lower (P≤0.05) on d112 in fecal samples from sows fed Bacillus compared to control sows. Lactic acid bacteria counts were greater (P≤0.01) on d3 post-weaning in pigs weaned from sows fed Bacillus compared to control pigs. Nursery pigs weaned from sows fed the Bacillus probiotic had greater (P≤0.01) ADG and G/F during Phase1 (d 0-11), greater (P≤0.01) ADG and ADFI during Phase3 (d 23-37) and were 0.91 kg heavier (P≤0.01) at the end of the nursery phase (d 51) compared to pigs from control sows. The administration of Bacillus to sows resulted in lower AGP (P≤0.05) and greater tumor necrosis factor-α (P=0.08) serum concentrations on d3 post-weaning and reduced (P≤0.05) the percentage of nursery pigs removed from the trial and placed in invalid pens compared to pigs from control sows. These data indicate that a Bacillus probiotic improves sow health and the lactation environment and has a substantial impact on the subsequent productivity of their progeny.


2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Henrique S Cemin ◽  
Luke A Swalla ◽  
Jamie L Pietig ◽  
Sharlie A Hansen ◽  
Ernie L Hansen ◽  
...  

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a functional protein (FXP; Ani-Tek Group, LLC, Shelbina, MO) on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 840 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 5.5 kg, were used with 28 pigs per pen and a total of 15 replicates per treatment. There were two treatments, which consisted of a control diet and the control diet with added FXP. The experimental diets were corn, soybean meal, and whey permeate-based and contained 3,000 mg/kg added Zn. The inclusion of FXP was 0.3% of the diet. Experimental diets were fed for 23 d, followed by a common corn and soybean meal-based diet from d 23 to 48. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. There was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for treatment × experiment interactions, thus data was combined for statistical analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS. From d 0 to 23, pigs fed diets containing FXP had higher (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and BW and a tendency (P = 0.053) for improved G:F. During the common period (d 23 to 48), pigs previously fed FXP had a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for higher ADG and ADFI. Overall (d 0 to 48), pigs that received FXP had higher (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, BW, and a tendency (P = 0.055) for improved G:F. In conclusion, the inclusion of the functional protein improved growth performance of nursery pigs.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 1232
Author(s):  
A. Rutkovskiy

D. 23 years old, married 29 years old; menstruation from 14 years after 31/2 weeks, but 3-5 days. The size of the pelvis is 25, 27, 30, 37; growth 253. 3 years ago urgent normal childbirth with one child. In the middle of March 1991, the last regulations, fetal movements do not remember. December 11, 1892 gave birth to triplets.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Silvia ◽  
Alexander P. Christensen ◽  
Katherine N. Cotter

The psychology of art and aesthetics has a long-standing interest in how low-level features, such as symmetry, curvature, and color, affect people’s aesthetic experience. Recent research in this tradition suggests that people find glossy, shiny objects and materials more attractive than flat, matte ones. The present experiment sought to replicate and extend research on the attractiveness of paper, by far the most widely used material in this growing literature. To control for several possible confounding factors, glossiness was manipulated between-person and varied with methods that held constant factors like weight, color quality, and resolution. To extend past work, we explored art expertise and Openness to Experience as potential moderating factors. A sample of 100 adults viewed landscape photographs on either high-gloss photo paper or on identical paper in which a flat, matte spray finish had been applied. Ratings of attractiveness showed weak evidence for replication. The main effect of glossiness revealed that people found the glossy pictures more attractive than the matte ones, but the effect size was small (d = -.23 [-.62, .16]) and not statistically significant. This effect was significantly moderated, however, by individual differences in the aesthetic appreciation facet of Openness to Experience. When aesthetic appreciation was high, people found the images attractive regardless of condition; when it was low, people strongly preferred the glossy images over the matte ones, thus showing the classic glossiness effect. We conclude with some methodological caveats for future research.


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