Cross-Section Resistivity Detection of Tree (Swietenia Magahoni and Gmelina) Using ERT Method

The existence of trees is very beneficial for humans’ life. There are utilizations of tree such as urban planning and reforestation. However, the tree can be dangerous when the tree is aged and decay because of several factors that might be cause fallen tree. Furthermore, the monitoring activity is needed to know the condition of the tree. One of the methods that can be used to detect hollow in living tree is Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). The ERT is an efficient and nondestructive method that can be potential to estimate resistivity cross section. The measurement of ERT conducted on Swietenia mahagoni and Gmelina with unhealthy and healthy condition visually. The data processed using Res2Dinv and reconstructed for obtaining 2D resistivity cross section. The results shows that the unhealthy Swietenia mahagoni has logarithmic resistivity value range between 0.1-1 Ωm and the healthy Swietenia mahagoni has 1-4 Ωm. Meanwhile, the unhealthy and healthy Gmelina has logarithmic resistivity value range between 0.5-4.5 Ωm and 0.5-3 Ωm, respectively. It is shows that the tree indicated health visually from biological view does not mean the tree is decay. It might be influenced by phenology factor and/or the species of the tree.

Isolation of Antimalarial Agents From Indonesian Medicinal Plants: Swietenia mahagoni and Pluchea indica

Malaria is a neglected tropical disease that still demands serious efforts to tackle successfully, including the need for new antimalarial lead compounds to combat drug-resistant Plasmodium. Intensive phytochemical and pharmacological investigation into the Indonesian medicinal plants Swietenia mahagoni and Pluchea indica successfully revealed 5 constituents. Antimalarial bioassays indicated 34,5-tri- O-caffeoylquinic acid (4) to be the most active against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains with IC50 values of 8.2 and 8.8 µM, respectively. No cytotoxicity was observed against Human Embryonic Kidney cells at a concentration of 40 µM.

Screening Kelarutan Komponen SNEDDS Ekstrak Minyak Biji Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni (Linn.))

Mahogany seed oil extract has pharmacological activities antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory. This potential can be developed into pharmaceutical dosage forms that are more practical to use. SNEDDS preparation is a dosage form that allows lipophilic active substances to be delivered to the target side of the drug. SNEDDS has oil, surfactant and co- surfactant components. In this study, the solubility of these components will be screened with mahogany seed oil extract. After finding the solubility of each component, the SNEDDS formula for mahogany seed oil extract was made. The oils used were oleic acid, VCO and IPM, cremophor surfactants RH40 and Tween 80, and co-surfactants PEG 400 and propylene glycol. The results of the solubility test were the largest components of SNEDDS, namely the components of oleic acid oil (98.4+0.00), cremophor RH40 (100.0+0.00), and PEG 400 (100.6+0.51). The SNEDDS formula for mahogany seed oil extract was made with a combination of oleic acid: cremophor RH40: PEG 400 1:8:1 with 200 L of extract. The characteristics of SNEDDS obtained are transmittance value of 98.83+0.06%, pH 5.8 + 0.24, and emulsification time of 34.33 + 6.66 seconds with grade A where SNEDDS quickly forms nanoemulsions in 1 minute, has a good appearance. clear.Keywords: Mahagonay, Solubility, SNEDDS, AbstrakEkstrak minyak biji mahoni memiliki aktifitas farmakologi yaitu antimikroba, antihipertensi, dan antiinflamasi. Potensi tersebut dapat dikembangkan ke dalam bentuk sediaan farmasi yang lebih praktis digunakan. Sediaan SNEDDS merupakan bentuk sediaan yang memungkinkan zat aktif yang bersifat lipofil untuk dihantarkan ke sisi target obat. SNEDDS memiliki komponen minyak, surfaktan dan ko surfaktan. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan screening kelarutan komponen tersebut dengan ekstrak minyak biji mahoni. Setelah ditemukan kelarutan masing- masing komponen kemudian dilakukan pembuatan formula SNEDDS ekstrak minyak biji mahoni. Minyak yang digunakan yaitu asam oleat, VCO dan IPM, surfaktan cremophor RH40 dan Tween 80, dan ko surfaktan PEG 400 dan propilenglikol. Hasil uji kelarutan paling besar komponen SNEDDS yaitu komponen minyak asam oleat (98.4+0.00), cremophor RH40 (100.0+0.00), dan PEG 400 (100.6+0.51). Formula SNEDDS ekstrak minyak biji mahoni dibuat dengan kombinasi asam oleat : cremophor RH40 : PEG 400 1:8:1 dengan ekstrak sebanyak 200 µL. Karakteristik SNEDDS yanng diperoleh nilai transmitan 98,83+0,06 %, pH 5,8 + 0,24, dan waktu emulsifikasi 34,33 + 6,66 detik dengan grade A dimana SNEDDS cepat membentuk nanoemulsi dalam 1 menit, memiliki penampilan yang jernih.Kata kunci: Kelarutan, Mahoni, SNEDDS,

Species Composition, and Diversity of Mataram University Green Open Space, West Nusa Tenggara

Mataram university green open space (GOS) is one of the partial green open spaces (GOS) approaches that can be used to conserve endemic germplasm as well to fulfil the proportion and distribution of urban forests. This research aims to describe the species composition, and diversity including the authenticity of Flora Malesiana in this area. We used a census method (100% measurement) to identify the species and measured the diameter and height of all tree species with the diameter of more than 2 cm. The results showed that the 99 species belonged to 85 Genera, 39 families with a composition of 61 species (61.62%) including the flora Malesiana and 38 species (38.38%) including exotic species. Based on IVI analysis showed that Ptychosperma macarthurii dominated at the sapling level while Swietenia mahagoni dominated at the pole and tree levels. The H’ of diversity is in the medium category with the sapling level has the highest value (3.42).

Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Lipophilic Compounds from Swietenia mahagoni (l.) Jacq. Leaves

The investigation on the n-hexane lipophilic extractives of Swietenia mahagoni, alongside the antifungal and antioxidant properties was conducted. The leaf sample was collected from 2- and 3-years-old trees in Perhutani enterprise of Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia. In addition, the antifungal activity was tested using the white-rot of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, while the antioxidant property involved the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results show antifungal of 28.6% and 37.5% growth inhibition in 2- and 3 -years-old leaf, respectively, while 21.7% and 25.4% antioxidant activity were also recorded. Furthermore, the GC-MS results showed the domination of S. mahagoni leaf by fatty acids and hydo-carbons, while the terpenoids and steroids were in minor quantities. These components possibly exhibit growth inhibitory and antioxidant effects against P. chrysosporium and DPPH radicals, respectively.

Mordant-free dyeing of nylon fabric with mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) seed pods: A cleaner approach of synthetic fabric coloration

The extraction and consequent application of natural colorants obtained from mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni) seed pod powder is described here. The colored solution was extracted by facile boiling in an acidic medium. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the mahogany seed pod extract contained lignocellulosic substances. The typical strong broad band for -OH stretching vibration appeared at around the 3400 cm−1 region in the spectra indicating the presence of alcoholic groups in the substance. The acidic boiling of the mahogany seed pod extract showed the color bearing character at λmax 400–480 nm in the visible range of the ultra-violet spectrum. Subsequently, commercial single jersey-knitted nylon fabric was dyed with the mahogany seed pod extract. The effects of temperature, pH, and time were investigated meticulously for the above dyeing. The optimum conditions for nylon fabric dyeing with the mahogany seed pod extract were selected as the temperature of 100°C, dyeing time of 60 min, and dyebath pH 4.5. The results were interpreted in terms of color strength and fastness properties. The color fastness to wash and perspiration of nylon fabric dyed with mahogany seed pod extract was found to be moderate to good in the grey scale rating 3–4 to 4 grade in the case of optimum dyeing condition whereas color fastness to light was observed to be poor in the blue wool scale rating 2 grade. It was observed that dyeing time, temperature, and pH had profound influences on the color strength of the dyed material. The color strength was increased with the increase of dyeing period and dyebath temperature. The acidic dye liquor produced the darker hues while the alkaline condition had no effect on color yielding. The fabric was dyed uniformly, confirming the evenness of dyeing which is very important for successful commercial dyeing.

Raising of Mahogany (Swietenia Mahagoni L.) Seedlings to Combat Climate Change as Influenced by Organic Manures and Chemical Fertilizers

Effects of various organic manures on the growth, performance and biomass production of Mahogany seedlings, an experiment was carried out in the net house of the Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka. Nine types of manures, viz. Kazi, ACI, Payel, BGF-1, Mazim, SK, Supermill, Sebok, Sufola organic manures were used separately at the rate of 12 ton/ha. Another dose of NPK inorganic fertilizer was used at the rate of 5kg/ha N, 3 kg/ha P, 3 kg/ha K respectively. Height, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of leaf varied significantly (p≤ 0.5) and increased with time. Maximum leaf number (41.33 no./plant) and branch (6.33 no./plant) was found in Payel compost but maximum N concentration (2%) in leaf was obtained in Sebok treatment. Highest plant height (48.33 cm), leaf area (204.766 cm2/plant), girth (3.067 cm/plant), fresh weight (37.79g/plant), dry weight (9.16 g/plant), and length of petiole (6.33 cm) were recorded in Supermill treatment at harvest. Results showed that the overall best growth performance of seedlings was achieved in Supermill compost. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2020, 6(2): 19-26

RAGAM BAMBU DAN KAYU KENTONGAN: SEBUAH KAJIAN ETNOBOTANI DI JAWA, BALI, DAN LOMBOK

Kentongan dikenal sebagai salah satu alat komunikasi tradisional yang memanfaatkan bambu dan kayu. Sebagian masyarakat Indonesia masih mengenal dan menggunakan kentongan di tengah pesatnya perkembangan teknologi dan informasi seperti saat ini. Studi etnobotani dilakukan untuk mengkaji lebih mendalam tentang kearifan lokal masyarakat mengenai kentongan. Metode yang digunakan berupa observasi di beberapa wilayah di Indonesia dan wawancara secara acak terpilih. Data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil kajian diperoleh data keanekaragaman jenis bambu dan kayu kentongan yaitu bambu ori (Bambusa blumeana Schult.f.), bambu petung (Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer), bambu apus (Gigantochloa apus (Schult.) Kurz), bambu wulung (G. atroviolacea Widjaja), kayu nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), kayu jati (Tectona grandis L.f.), kayu kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.), kayu mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.), dan kayu sengon (Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.). Ukuran dan bentuk fisik kentongan bervariasi. Nilai-nilai sosial dan religius kentongan sejalan dengan perkembangan zaman, serta penyelamatan nilai budaya dan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati bahan baku kentongan agar tidak terkikis perubahan zaman. Dengan demikian, masyarakat masih menggunakan kentongan secara lestari untuk mengatur pola hidup kebersamaan dalam masyarakat.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS NYERI EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI MAHONI (Swietenia mahagoni) TERHADAP MENCIT JANTAN (Mus musculus) YANG DI INDUKSI ASAM ASETAT 1%.

Nyeri adalah perasaan sensorik dan emosional yang tidak nyaman, berkaitan dengan adanya kerusakan jaringan. Biji mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni), mengandung senyawa flavanoid yang mampu memberikan efek analgetik dengan menghambat biosintesis prostaglandin sehingga mengurangi rasa nyeri, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas analalgetik ekstrak etanol biji mahoni (Swierenia mahagoni) pada mencit jantan (Mus musculus) yang di induksi asam asetat 1%. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian eksperimental dengan desain penelitian Posttest Only Control Group Design. Hewan uji dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, masing-masing perlakuan terdiri dari lima ekor mencit jantan (Mus musculus) dengan pemberian kontrol yang berbeda-beda, Mencit 1 (Na CMC 0,5% kontrol negatif), mencit 2 (Ekstrak etanol biji mahoni dosis 100mg), mencit 3 (Ekstrak etanol biji mahoni dosis 200mg), mencit 4 (Ekstrak etanol biji mahoni dosis 400mg) dan mencit 5 (Ibuprofen 400mg kontrol positif). Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh ekstrak biji mahoni memiliki khasiat sebagai analgetik pada dosis 100mg 37,79%, dosis 200mg 57,40% dan ekstrak etanol biji mahoni dosis 400mg 70,80%. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada konsentrasi 400mg yaitu 70,80%, semakin tinggi dosis ekstrak biji mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni) semakin besar pula daya analgetiknya.Kata Kunci: Nyeri, analgetik, biji mahoni, Flavonoid.

Potency of Three Botanical Oils Against the Aphis Craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) Nymphs Under Laboratory Conditions

Botanicals are promising and attractive alternatives for pest management. In the present study, three botanical oils namely neem (Azadirachta indica), karanja (Pongamia pinnata) and mehogony (Swietenia mahagoni) were tested against the nymphs of Aphis craccivora Koch to evaluate the toxic and repellent effects under laboratory conditions (25 ± 5oC, 65-75% RH). Four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) along with control were maintained with distilled water and tween-20 was used as emulsifier. Leaf dipped method were used for insect bioassay. Insect mortality was recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours after intervals while repellency was carried out at 2 hours after intervals upto 10th hours and the collected data were analyzed through MSTAT-C program. Results indicated that all the tested oils had toxic and repellent effects against the A. craccivora nymphs. Among the tested botanical oils, no significant difference was observed in terms of mortality over treatment time. But significant difference was noticed over level of concentrations exerted by the botanical oils. The average highest mortality (28.62%) was recorded by the application of mehogony oil whereas neem oil showed the lowest mortality (27.21%) against the A. craccivora and the mortality was directly proportional to the level of concentrations and hour after treatment (HAT). Probit analysis showed the lowest LD50 values of mehogony oil which revealed the highest toxic effect against the nymph of bean aphid. The highest repellent effect (77.33%) was found in mehogony oil (repellent class IV) among all the botanical oils applied. On the contrary, neem (57.33%) and karanja (55.00%) oils belonged to the same repellent class that is repellent class II. Although all the tested botanical oils evaluated showed toxic and repellent effects but mehogony oil performed as the best potent oil against the nymphs. We therefore suggested using the mehogony oil for the management of bean aphid. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 139-154 (2021)