Digital revolution and place of printed books

“Digital-first” seems to be a crucial idea of our time. From the practical, economic, and even ecological point of view printed books are not the best solution. But still, this practice exists. This survey aims to answer, why in the digital environment occurs the textual niche. Is it a kind of relic or something which is deeply connected with human reading comprehension and the quality of text experience? To solve this problem will be used case study and cognitive methods. The crucial question for the presented paper is whether printed (codex) books and their reading means a form of distributing texts which will be progressively declining under pressure in the digital revolution (Q1). To answer this question, it is necessary to describe the current situation of traditional printing and also raise the question of printed documents especially printed and codex books have any features which cannot be replaced by online publishing (Q2). In the second question, one should take into account the cultural and subjective context of reading or possessing printed books.

Context-dependent outcome encoding in human reinforcement learning

A wealth of evidence in perceptual and economic decision-making research suggests that the subjective value of one option is determined by other available options (i.e. the context). A series of studies provides evidence that the same coding principles apply to situations where decisions are shaped by past outcomes, i.e. in reinforcement-learning situations. In bandit tasks, human behavior is explained by models assuming that individuals do not learn the objective value of an outcome, but rather its subjective, context-dependent representation. We argue that, while such outcome context-dependence may be informationally or ecologically optimal, it concomitantly undermines the capacity to generalize value-based knowledge to new contexts – sometimes creating apparent decision paradoxes.

Jan Švankmajer’s Kunstkammer: Every thing means everything

Thesis. Jan Švankmajer’s Kunstkammer is a project with a complex constellation of meaning that defies clear-cut categorization in the context of Pomian’s theory of semiophores. Discussed concepts. The paper describes the kunstkammer art project created by Jan Švankmajer, a Czech surrealist, in the context of Pomian’s theory of semiophores and compares it to traditional and historical equivalents, using the concepts of micro- and macrocosm, the world as a stage (Theatrum Mundi), hermeticism, and alchemy. Results and conclusion. Jana Švankmajer’s Kunstkammer should be analyzed primarily in the individual and subjective context, rather than in the social one. Originality/cognitive value of the approach. Pomian has described many examples of traditional kunstkammers, but there are also several modern collections that have not yet been described in the literature.

Wielopostaciowość podmiotów prawa administracyjnego

The subjective context and dimension of administrative law objectively generate a diverse and rich catalogue of causes and manifestations of its multifaceted nature. In this respect, further diversity can be observed, namely that of conditionings and consequences, its crucial aspect being the distinction into administering bodies and subjects of administration. The analysis of the multiform nature of legal-administrative entities can yield particularly interesting results when the participants of administration change their roles (including the role changes which, from the perspective of the distinction between administering bodies and subjects of administration – run across borders). The analysis confirms the importance of taking care of the systemic approach and unification of the doctrinal and normative approach to the question of the multifaceted character of legal-administrative entities.

Variation between modal adverbs in British English

This study investigates the use and distribution of the synonymous adverbs maybe and perhaps in order to determine their functional similarities and differences. After extracting usage data from the British National Corpus (BNC), this study explores the following factors by analyzing the target adverbs in a larger context: (i) the kind of register, (ii) the kind of NP chosen as the subject in maybe/perhaps clauses, (iii) the kind of modal verb used in the same clause, and (iv) the position occupied by the target adverbs in a clause. The corpus analysis demonstrates that maybe is more prone to subjective use while perhaps is a more strongly grammaticalized item, and that the factors related to a highly subjective context contribute much to the variation between the adverbs. In addition, I suggest that both maybe and perhaps (in combination with modal verbs or in final position) can be used in an intersubjective context.

The Subjective Context Principle

This chapter describes the subjective context principle that states that information should be retrieved and viewed in the same context in which it was previously used. The chapter describes five designs related to different context types that have been designed and positively evaluated: ChattyWeb where the user can straightforwardly retrieve their notes (internal context) associated with a recorded lecture; ItemHistory that allows the user to easily retrieve files, emails and web pages that were previously open concurrently with a target information item (external context); ContactMap which organizes personal information according to its social context and PiccyChatty that uses social information to infer the relative importance of different information items (both exploit social context). Lastly the chapter discusses Starlight which automatically notifies the user when the deadline for an important actionable message approaches (temporal context).

An individual subjectivist critique of the use of corpus linguistics to inform pedagogical materials

Corpus linguistics, or the gathering together of language into a body for analysis and development of materials, is claimed to be an assured, established method (or field) that valuably informs pedagogical materials and knowledge of language (e.g. Ädel 2010; Gardner & Nesi, 2013). The fundamental validity of corpus linguistics is rarely, if ever, critiqued. In this empirical paper we critically consider the foundations of corpus linguistics as being based on an abstract objectivist view of language. We critique this foundation through the lens of an individual subjectivist view of language. Our introduction outlines abstract objectivist and individual subjectivist views of language described by Voloshinov (1973). We then present what is claimed regarding corpus linguistics, and consider contemporary critiques of these claims . We then critique the foundations of corpus linguistics from an individual subjectivist view of language. We illustrate this critique by drawing on data from interviews and focus groups with content material lecturers and students in the subject areas of ‘Business’; ‘Nursing’; ‘Design’ and ‘Computing’. These data question the fundamental assumption about how corpus linguistics operates: that what is counted is indeed countable. The data show how ostensibly similar words are understood in very different ways with very different underpinning psychological elements. We argue that corpus linguistics thus informs pedagogical materials with a merely passive understanding of the language. This view can only gain access to the inert crust of previous language, because it removes language from its individual subjective context. This context is fundamental to giving language the conscious and psychological elements that underpin its use. We argue the language should be taught through dialogue in this subject context and not removed from it.

Penelitian Atas Penelitian Seni dan Desain: Suatu Studi Kerangka Filosofis-Paradigmatis Bagi Penelitian Seni dan Desain Visual

This paper discusses philosophical framework of practice-based artistic research within the field of art and design in contrast with research in the natural and social science. It is stated that paradigm of artistic inquiry is ilustrated with the role of practicioner as researcher wherein subjectivity, involvement and reflexivity are acknowledged, while (k)nowledge is negotiated – inter-subjective, context bound, and is a result of personal construction. Visual objects have been exhausting large amount of our physical and emotional energy in seeing it which certainly gives them a central role in contemporary ages. It is suggested that research could become part of the needs for experience, to inspire, or to collectively develop a profession. Recently, research as knowledge production has been increasing and gaining its interest within the creative art field. However, there is a foundation which underpins a research, at least some implicit philosophical assumptions of it, which serve as the basis of understanding of reality (ontology), and how to know and justify it (epistemology); and by explicating it, it is believed that scrupulous consideration of it may contribute practical benefits in conducting art and design research. In that regard, this paper presents ontological outlook of Heidegger and also epistemology of art of Merleau-Ponty – which rises within phenomenological tradition – as a philosophical framework which can serve as paradigmatic underpinning of artistic research, in contrast with objectivist approach already identical with research in general.