Monkey Business Practices on The Selling of “Janda Bolong” Plants in Indonesia: A Review of Islamic Economic Philosophy

<p>The sale and purchase of the “Janda Bolong” plant which was busy in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic at a very fantastic price, which was then suspected to contain monkey business practices. So this study aims to describe a review of the Islamic economic philosophy of monkey business practices in the “Janda Bolong” plants sale and purchase transaction. The research method used is a qualitative research method with the type of library research using a deductive approach. The results of this study indicate that the practice of buying and selling that occurs in the object of the plant “Janda Bolong” is a type of monkey business with objects that are not commonly practiced. The “Janda Bolong” plant sale and purchase transaction contains a <em>fasid</em> (damaged) contract, where the contract is in accordance with the Sharia but in the nature of the contract there is a problem. The price formation process that occurs in it is also unfair, so it is not in accordance with Islamic law. In Islamic economic philosophy, the practice of monkey business in buying and selling the “Janda Bolong” plant is not allowed. Because it denotes the essence of the creation of humans on earth, namely as a caliphate by processing the available resources in order to achieve happiness in this world and the hereafter.</p>

Bessarion on Economics and Geopolitics

This paper deals with those aspects of Byzantine intellectual heritage, which belong to the Bessarion’s thought and writing. Bessarion, Cardinal of the Roman-Catholic Church, proposed specific, systematic and analytical measures for a re-organization and recovery of the Despotate of Mistra, while, as it is known, he lived there from the end of 1431 until the end of 1436. Then Вessarion, in his capacity as cardinal, showed his continual and undiminished interest to the advancement of Greek nation, as proven by three famous memoranda of scholar. These are appeals to Constantine Palaiologos, Despot of Mistra, as well as to the doge of Venice. Dated July 13, 1453 the letter to the doge informed him on the Fall of Constantinople and the sufferings of Greek nation! Especially noteworthy is the third (and only surviving) letter of Вessarion, addressed to his friend, Despot Constantine Palaiologos in the spring of 1444. Here Вessarion proposes a specific, specialized program for the economic restructure, social reorganization and military strengthening of the Despotate. The intellectual associates education with economy. Sharing the economic philosophy of ancient Greeks on self-sufficiency and utilization of local means, Вessarion became a forerunner of mercantilism, while also acknowledging the productive contribution of education. The proposal of Вessarion for the transfer of the Despotate’s capital closer to the Isthmus was of great geopolitical importance since, when the guarding of the Hexamilion Wall would be reconstructed and constant and properly updated. These proposals, having been so important for the evolution of Byzantine economic thought, took an appropriate place in its development.

The Rasulullah's Way of Business: as the Best Example for Student

Doing business is one way to earn sustenance. As in a hadith Rasulullah PBUH states that ninety percent of sustenance lies in business, while the remaining ten percent is livestock. The point is that doing business will open nine doors to get wealth, while another door of sustenance is opened by breeding this shows how important business is in meeting the needs of human life, from the material side. Because ninety percent of the income obtained comes from business. A successful business cannot be separated from several things, one of which must be done based on trust, related to ethics, and related to profit. In practice, doing business according to Islamic law has been carried out by the Prophet Muhammad as a guide for Muslims, so that if a businessman does business according to the teachings of the Prophet, it is the same as carrying out the sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad. More and more entrepreneurs are implementing the behavior of the Prophet in their business, including customer-oriented by maintaining customer satisfaction, openness to customers by applying honest aspects of commerce, conducting healthy competition in the economic market, must pay attention to aspects of justice so that no party is oppressed. Feel disadvantaged when doing business. This study aims to determine the correct implementation of business based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and examine the messages conveyed by the Prophet Muhammad on the aspect of muamalah. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research method with secondary data or library research. Islamic business behavior that is free of usury (interest), gharar (uncertainty), and maysir (gambling) is considered better because of the value requirements. Therefore, extracting the values ​​of Islamic economic philosophy through the business behavior of Muhammad SAW is expected to be a solution for today's business behavior.

Ethical Indigenous Economies

In this article, the authors argue that trans-systemic knowledge system analysis of Indigenous-to-Indigenous economics enables generative thinking toward Indigenous futures of economic freedom. The authors apply a trans-systemic lens to critically analyze persistent development philosophy that acts as a barrier to the advancement of Indigenous economic development thinking. By exploring ways in which colonial discourse entraps Indigenous nations within circular logic in service of a normative centre the need for new economic logic is apparent. Shifting to trans-systemic knowledge systems analysis to include diverse insights from Māori and other Indigenous economic philosophy, the authors show that it is not profit and financial growth that matters in and of itself. Rather, according to Indigenous definitions of wealth, economic freedom and development are constituted by value creation that aligns with Indigenous worldviews and principles. Indigenous economic knowledge centred on relationship, reciprocity and interconnectedness fosters Indigenous economic freedom.

THEORETICAL BASIS OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FOREST RESOURCES USE

Modern society operates in an unstable economy, regularly emerging crisis phenomena, the formation of which is facilitated not only by various financial instruments, socio-economic factors, wars, natural disasters, but also by life forms, which spread infections to living organisms, parasitizing and using foreign cells for survival. The present article considers the concepts of «economic growth» and «economic efficiency» in order to identify the theoretical basis for the effective exploitation of forests, as a natural resource whose reserves are declining. The analysis of economic models, including those authored by Nobel Prize winners, made it possible to identify fundamental problems, the implementation of which, in the context of national interests, allows, regardless of the economic structure, to maintain a stable level of economic activity using a natural resource. The economic worldview of contemporaries, the transformation of human behaviors under the influence of forced isolation measures, formalism and the short time frame for finding ideas to overcome crises, contributed to the formation of philosophically oriented theories of the emergence of crisis phenomena in the economy, as well as the lack of a deep study of methods and tools of modern models and theories. Analyzing the structure of forest management in Russia, coupled with approaches to charging for the use of the resource, the author concludes that the ideas of an economic philosophy of efficient forest management were not only developed by the beginning of the 20th century, but also experimentally tested, bringing benefits and results in the form of significant amounts of budget replenishment, subsequently directed to the development of science, technology and the improvement of social security for forestry workers.

Sharia Philosophy Correlation and the Islamic Economic Philosophy

This study aims to reveal the relationship between Islamic philosophy and Islamic economic philosophy, both in terms of foundation, operation, and objectives. This library research (Library Research) uses documentation data collection techniques with data analysis, namely content analysis. The results showed that the relationship between sharia philosophy and sharia economic philosophy is that there is a philosophical foundation based on al-qur'am, hadith, ijma 'and qiyas, as well as operational principles, observations are made, take generalization conclusions and serve as theory, while the goal is both want to get happiness in the world and the hereafter, but what distinguishes the two lies in the broader study of sharia philosophy and complexity, while Islamic economic philosophy specializes in sharia economic studies. But for sharia economic philosophy discusses tauhid, caliphate, tazkiyah, and masuliyya. Operational principles, observing, drawing conclusions and making theory. The goal of obtaining falah, namely survival, freedom of desire, and strength and honor.