How Does Tourism Affect Protected Areas?: A Multi-Criteria Decision Making Application in UNESCO Natural Heritage Sites

The tourism is an industry that makes extensive use of natural heritage sites. It has long been debated whether tourism is a threat to natural heritage sites. This research has been written to contribute to these discussions. In the study, the author(s) aims to determine the effects and threat levels of tourism in World Natural Heritage Sites. Within the scope of the research, the impact of tourism on 24 samples selected from UNESCO natural heritage sites was examined with multi-criteria decision-making methods. According to the results of the research, the highest endangerment level among the selected NHS are "Lake Malawi National Park", "Machu Picchu Historic Sanctuary" and "Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park", while "Atlantic Forest Southeast Reserves", "Sinharaja Forest Conservation Area" and "Vredefort Dome" were found to be the least affected sites. The research results were discussed with the implications developed in accordance with the contexts of the selected NHS.

Zircon (U-Th)/He Closure Temperature Lower than Apatite Ther-Mochronometric Systems: Reconciliation of a Paradox

We present here seven new zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) ages and three new zircon fission track ages (ZFT) analyzed from an age-elevation profile (Machu Picchu, Peru). ZFT data present older ages in comparison with the other thermochronological data, whereas the ZHe data interestingly present similar ages than the ones obtained with apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe). It has been proposed that He retention in zircon is linked to the damage dose, with an evolution of the closure-temperature from low values associated to low α-dose (<1016 α/g), subsequently increasing before decreasing again at very high α-dose (>1018 α /g). Studies have been focused on the He diffusion behavior at high α-dose, but little is known at low dose. We propose that the ZHe closure temperature at α-dose ranging from 0.6×1015 to 4×1016 α/g is in the range of ~60-80°C. This value is lower than the one proposed in the current damage model ZRDAAM and demonstrates that the ZHe and AHe methods could have similar closure temperatures at low α-dose (i.e. similar ages). These new data strengthen our previous geological conclusions and even highlight an about twice more important cooling rate than the one deduced from AHe and apatite fission-track data alone registered at Machu Picchu.

Book Reviews

Randy Malamud, The Importance of Elsewhere: The Globalist Humanist Tourist. Chicago/Intellect, The University of Chicago Press, 2018, vii + 236 pp., ISBN-13: 978-1783208746, $29.50 (paperback).Mark Rice, Making Machu Picchu: The Politics of Tourism in Twentieth Century Peru (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), xvi + 253 pp., ISBN 978-1-4696-4353-3, $28.75 (paperback).Jeffrey Mather, Twentieth-Century Literary Encounters in China: Modernism, Travel, and Form (New York: Routledge, 2020), ix + 182 pp., ISBN 978-1-03-208815-0, US $48.95 (paperback).

The Masterful Water Engineers of Machu Picchu

The water engineering achievements of the Inca at Machu Picchu, when defined in technical terms common to modern engineers, demonstrate that the Inca were masterful planners, designers, and constructors. They demonstrated their technical skills through the planning, design, and construction of water supply, fountains, terraces, foundations, walls, and trails. The site of Machu Picchu was a difficult place to build, with high precipitation, steep terrain, and challenging access. Nonetheless, the Inca had the uncanny ability to plan public works and infrastructure in a manner that fit this problematic site and lasted for centuries.

Memoria y globalización de una huaca en el Perú: los inicios de la iconización de Machu Picchu (1910-1915)

El presente estudio aborda el inicio del proceso de construcción moderna del ícono por excelencia de memoria cultural, territorial y nacional que es emblemático de la globalidad para el Perú: Machu Picchu. Para ello, propone e registro de la genealogía simbólico-cultural que ha dado origen al ícono andino- amazónico, a inicios del siglo XX, a partir de una relectura crítica que interrelacione relatos de viajes, informes de expediciones científicas, catálogos naturalistas y visuales, así como narrativas periodísticas y textualidades ligadas a la industria naciente del turismo. A partir del análisis del surgimiento delrelato del “descubrimiento” de una “ciudad perdida”, el artículo analiza los datos sobre los cuales se basa este relato y los objetivos con los cuales fue articulado desde 1910 con la serie de expediciones científicas y arqueológicas a la región del Cusco.

Two new species of Weinmannia (Cunoniaceae) from Machu Picchu and Oxapampa, Peru

Weinmannia machupicchuensis and W. oxapampana, two endangered species of Cunoniaceae endemic to the montane forests of the Peruvian Andes are newly described and illustrated. Data on ecology and their relationships with similar species are also discussed.