Determining the Impact of Economic Factors to the Gross Domestic Product in Bangladesh

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is believed to be an indicator of a country’s economic condition. Bangladesh’s GDP increased at a pace of 8.15% in fiscal 2018-19 as per the base year 2005-06. By the year 2019, Bangladesh has become the seventh fastest-growing economy in the world. This paper used multiple regression analysis model for the macroeconomic factors. The aim of this study is to measure the effects of macroeconomic factors considering GDP as the dependent variables and inflation rate, import, and export are considered as independent. This paper represents that import and export are positively associated factors with GDP whereas inflation rate is a negatively associated factor. This study concluded with revealing the importance of conducting further study by considering more economic variables to measure the economic growth as a whole.

An Empirical Comparison of Portuguese and Multilingual BERT Models for Auto-Classification of NCM Codes in International Trade

Classification problems are common activities in many different domains and supervised learning algorithms have shown great promise in these areas. The classification of goods in international trade in Brazil represents a real challenge due to the complexity involved in assigning the correct category codes to a good, especially considering the tax penalties and legal implications of a misclassification. This work focuses on the training process of a classifier based on bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) for tax classification of goods with MCN codes which are the official classification system for import and export products in Brazil. In particular, this article presents results from using a specific Portuguese-language-pretrained BERT model, as well as results from using a multilingual-pretrained BERT model. Experimental results show that Portuguese model had a slightly better performance than the multilingual model, achieving an MCC 0.8491, and confirms that the classifiers could be used to improve specialists’ performance in the classification of goods.

Research on the Influencing Factors of Russian Foreign Trade Based on R Language Regression Analysis

Based on the systematic analysis of the development of Russian foreign trade and the characteristics of the regional distribution structure of trade, this work further studies the influencing factors of Russia’s foreign trade by using the R language regression analysis method and constructs three econometric models from import, export, and total import and export. The real effective exchange rate and various instruments and equipment and accessories are the main factors affecting Russia’s import trade, energy, minerals, timber, and related products are the main factors affecting its export trade, and Russia’s GDP and international oil prices are the major factors affecting the total import and export volume. A correct understanding of the factors affecting Russia’s foreign trade will help to understand Russia’s economic and trade development and its changing trend and provide a reliable reference value for the further expansion and optimization of economic and trade cooperation between other economies and Russia.

Estimating the Impact of Devaluation the Exchange Rate on Inflation: A Cause Study of Iraq Using ARDL Model

The exchange rate tool is one of the most important macroeconomic tools that affect many variables, including the general level of prices, investment, import and export. In the case of a deteriorating economy such as the Iraqi economy, which suffers from a high import rate of final goods and intermediate goods, which are considered inputs to production processes, means exit Foreign exchange to abroad that affects the position of the balance of payments and its imbalance. It is very abnormal for countries to reduce the value of their currency exchange for financing reasons related to financing their public budget deficit without taking into account macroeconomic variables. All of these matters reflect a clear confusion of the fiscal and the monetary policies. The results of the current study by using the ARDL model have proven the direct impact of currency devaluation on inflation.

China’s Belt and Road Initiative with ASEAN Countries: Examining the Trade Cooperation and Impact of Coronavirus

The rising US–China tension in the global trade war increased the trade cooperation between China and the ASEAN. Consequently, China’s total import and export volume with ASEAN increased tremendously to 684.60 billion USD in 2020, up by 6.7% year on year. This trend is part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which promotes China’s infrastructure building program in the neighboring ASEAN countries and exports China’s technical know-how and engineering standards. However, the recent coronavirus outbreak that stormed China and the rest of the world caused delays to many BRI projects. Subsequently, this outbreak also hit the ASEAN countries and halted many of their mega-projects under the BRI framework. Thus, this study attempts to highlight the trade cooperation and project developments of BRI in the ASEAN countries. In addition, the study features the landscape of BRI projects that were affected by the coronavirus amongst the ASEAN countries.

Yeast Double Transporter Gene Deletion Library for Identification of Xenobiotic Carriers in Low or High Throughput

Our library of double transporter deletion strains is a powerful tool for rapid identification of potential drug import and export routes, which can aid in determining the chemical groups necessary for transport via specific carriers. This information may be translated into a better design of drugs for optimal absorption by target tissues and the development of drugs whose utility is less likely to be compromised by the selection of resistant mutants.

Model for forecasting the dynamics and growth of the throughput of the Central Asian transport corridor lines

This article has taken into account the importance of international corridors in Central Asia, and has provided data on the importance of rail transport in the state economy and the efficiency of projects when developing railways. The weakness and lack of import and export logistics functions in the hinterland regions creates a bottleneck that limits the development of the external economy and trade. Identification of development paths using the example of the Akhangaran-Tukimachi-Syrdarya line based on modelling of carrying capacity and comparison with the actual freight flow for rational regulation and rationing of train throughput. The method of approximation has been applied to forecast the dynamics of capacity and throughput growth on the line in question. A forecasting model was developed that corresponds to the nature of changes in the trend of the freight traffic under study. It will allow to foresee difficulties in the transportation process, to work out the line development stages to improve the carrying capacity of hauls, to plan the work of reloading stations correctly and to organise the rational use of railway transport means. As an example, the Akhangaran - Tukimachi - Syrdarya line is the main transit direction which affects all the work of the railway of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Improvement of the line for passing transit and local freight flows will improve the competitiveness of the railway in freight transportation.

Implementation of Economic Rights Principles on Trademark In Trading of Product in The Pandemic Covid-19 Era

In accompany with the tight trading competition, it is imply that trademark plays significant role to known as the special product in common and had the power and useful when it managed in appropriate. Trademark is not just the word related to the product or collection only but the process and business strategy. Therefore, trademark have a value and equity. Thus equity becomes important as the value to be a benchmark of product in the marketplace. However, the pandemic of Covid-19 that struck since beginning of 2020 had an enormous impact to the whole states in the world including Indonesia. The pandemic was bring worst influences to the economic and trading. The deadly disease automatically was paralyze an economy and trading. It is caused by restriction of people to drive and influences the product movement. Temporarily, export-import activities delayed as restriction of transportation entry among the states. Finally, Indonesia forced close for in and out flight of territory. The situation influence to the implementation of Economic Right of trademark right attach to the import and export products in Indonesia.

Orphan Imports and Lost Exports in India’s Trade: A Quantitative Assessment of the Significance and Implications for Illicit Financial Flows

Orphan imports and lost exports refer to import and export transactions that have been reported by only one of the two trading partners.They are excluded from computations of trade mis-invoicing based on comparing partner country trade statistics. We show that India’s trade with 19 trading partners over 2000-2018 not only indicates substantial trade mis-invoicing but alsosignificant orphan and lost trade in the commodities displaying mis- invoicing. We also show that the amounts involved show an uptrend and are more pronounced in imports, with the orphan imports recorded by India being more than 15 times the orphan imports recorded by partner countries. Therefore, any conclusion on illicit flows through mis-invoicing in these commodities will be incomplete without analysing the impact of orphan and lost trade. We analyse some possible causes and discuss specific commodity-level examples to demonstrate that orphan and lost trade could not only lead to re-adjustment of computed amounts of trade mis-invoicing but, in the worst scenario, indicate serious fraud, with important implications for illicit flows. The paper’s finding that only a few commodities account for bulk of the amounts in orphan and lost trade could facilitate better analysis and mitigation measures.

Pengadaan Vaksin Covid-19 Triwulan I Tahun 2021 di Indonesia Persfektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah

In the first quarter of 2021, Indonesia will purchase vaccines by importing COVID-19 vaccines from COVID-19 vaccine companies. Islamic Economic Law regulates the process of purchasing vaccines by importing Covid-19 vaccines, how transactions are completed, and aspects of the safety and halalness of Covid-19 vaccines. The purpose of this study was to determine the import contract of Indonesia's Covid-19 vaccine with halal guarantees and health aspects in accordance with sharia economic law. This research uses literature study method. The data analysis method used in this research is deductive analysis. The data collection method in this research is documentation. Sources of data used are primary and secondary data sources. The main data sources used in this study are COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine books, import and export of Islamic law and economics, Islamic law, trade law, and documents related to precedents contained in Islamic law. Sources of supporting data used in this research come from scientific studies, articles, and books that support the research topic. From the perspective of Islamic economic law, the purchase of the Covid-19 vaccine in Indonesia is included in the Salam sale and purchase contract. MUI has announced that the Covid-19 vaccine product is halal and multifaceted. In accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 99 regarding vaccine procurement and vaccination implementation in 2020, the current sales contract is in effect. For the Covid-19 pandemic, if there is a mandatory threat, the contract can be extended. Or cancel. The government guarantees the safety, type and quality of halal products as well as the effectiveness of the Covid-19 vaccine (namely the POM and MUI). The type of covid-19 vaccine with guaranteed halal products and an emergency use license is the type of vaccine from PT. Bio Farma (Persero), Sinovach Biontech Ltd, AstraZeneca.Keywords : vaccine procurement, covid-19 vaccine, salam contract