A Generalized Two-Dimensional Index to Measure the Degree of Deviation from Double Symmetry in Square Contingency Tables

The double symmetry model satisfies both the symmetry and point symmetry models simultaneously. To measure the degree of deviation from the double symmetry model, a two-dimensional index that can concurrently measure the degree of deviation from symmetry and point symmetry is considered. This two-dimensional index is constructed by combining two existing indexes. Although the existing indexes are constructed using power divergence, the existing two-dimensional index that can concurrently measure both symmetries is constructed using only Kullback-Leibler information, which is a special case of power divergence. Previous studies note the importance of using several indexes of divergence to compare the degrees of deviation from a model for several square contingency tables. This study, therefore, proposes a two-dimensional index based on power divergence in order to measure deviation from double symmetry for square contingency tables. Numerical examples show the utility of the proposed two-dimensional index using two datasets.

Strength Analysis of Single-Symmetry Ratio for Single-Symmetry I-Beam

Double-symmetry I-beams are the most common beam cross-sections in structural building. Because that is simpler to design and analyze steel profiles than single-symmetry I-beams. However, with the advancement of economy, the improvement of the quality of life and the cultural standards, large-scale emergence of various large span bridges, special bridge-type landscapes and viaducts. Single symmetrical I-section is better than Double-symmetry I-section to fairly in line with demand characteristics and material economy. This study chooses different Iyc/Iy ratio sections, 0.229, 0.23, 0.3 and 0.5. Iyc/Iy =0.23 is the change point of the sudden drop of the strength of the compressed airfoil. In study, the section is divided into three sections of plasticity, inelasticity and elasticity for analysis and comparison. Considering the different section sizes. If the value of Lb for a small non-elastic interval is too large, the section with a smaller cross-section will reach the elastic interval. Taking all section conditions Lb into consideration, taking 1.4m as a section will reach the non-elastic interval, if the value of the longer Lb is too small, the section with the larger section does not reach the elastic interval. In study, 10m is taken as the section to reach the elastic interval, orientation the AISC ( 2017 ) specification is used to analyze the I-beam. Symmetrical wing plate cross-sections were increased and reduced. The strength of the cross-sections between the compressed side and the tensioned side was discussed, and a single-symmetric I-section with the best cross-sectional efficiency was proposed.

Double symmetry in Niklas Luhmann's moral communication

PurposeThis study aims to review Luhmann's theory of moral communication while focusing on symmetry conditions, in light of Armin Nassehi's criticism, to clarify issues regarding this concept. Then, Luhmann's symmetry condition is reconstructed as a concept containing double meaning via a case study in Japan. Correspondingly, interesting situations and characteristics of moral communication, such as “inflation,” the “polemogene” and ubiquity of moral communication, are interpreted more consistently.Design/methodology/approachIn today's society, moral communication may spiral out of control and even be fatal. By examining Niklas Luhmann's theory, in this paper, the author elaborates on why and how this mechanism occurs.FindingsThe author emphasizes that the suspicion pertaining to the asymmetry of communication is stressed in the case of anonymity. When an individual communicates using a moral code, it is impossible to discern whether the implications of self-bindingness are undermined or not through observations or consequences of communication and can only be questioned or confirmed through communication. However, criticizing the outburst of the masses and exchanging blame by isolating only one aspect of such a phenomenon will only be superficial.Originality/valueThis study reveals that the very condition that makes moral communication possible enables people to communicate respectfully or contemptuously with others without any special qualification. Such an analysis can serve as a theoretical underpinning for the analysis of today's phenomena.

Research on forming technology of rotary forging with double symmetry rolls of large diameter : thickness ratio discs

Rotary forging with double symmetry rolls (DSRs) is a new metal plastic forming technology developed on the basis of conventional rotary forging with a single roll, which uses a pair of symmetrical cone rolls to realize continuous local pressure plastic deformation of the workpiece. Large-diameter, thin discs are a key component in nuclear power, aerospace, deep-sea exploration, and other fields. At present, the forming process of large-diameter discs mainly includes welding and multiple local upsetting, but these processes exhibit many defects and can not meet the requirements of industry. In this paper, a large diameter : thickness ratio disc is integrally formed by rotary forging with DSRs. Using theoretical calculation and finite element simulation methods, the stable rolling conditions and calculation formulas of force and power parameters of rotary forging with DSRs of a large diameter : thickness ratio disc are derived. Based on the reliable three-dimensional rigid-plastic finite element model, the plastic deformation characteristics of rotary forging with DSRs of discs are studied, the reliability of the stable rolling conditions and the calculation formulas of force and power parameters are verified, and the defects and causes of unstable rolling conditions are analysed. An experiment was carried out on a rotary forging press developed with double symmetry rolls, and the experimental results are in good agreement with simulation results, which demonstrated that rotary forging with DSRs is a reliable technology for forming large diameter : thickness ratio discs. The results of this research are helpful to promote the further development of rotary forging with DSRs.

Waarom die vorm en oriëntatie van Borssele?

The village of Borssele was founded in 1616 in a polder of the same name on the island of Zuid-Beveland in the province of Zeeland. The driving force behind both the diking of the polder and the construction of the village during the Twelve Year Truce (1609-1621) in the young Dutch Republic was the mayor of the city of Goes, Cornelis Soetwater. This article argues that the unusual form and orientation of the Borssele village plan reflects a conscious decision by Soetwater to combine and improve on the best of the Zeeland’s impoldering and village planning tradition, and on the most striking old Zuid-Beveland villages. Soetwater’s decision to give Borssele’s main square a resolutely northern orientation and an unconventional, rotated positioning within the polder grid, and to model its plan on that of the most distinctive medieval villages on the islands of Zuid-Beveland, Nisse and Kloetinge, served to anchor the new village emphatically in its immediate surroundings. Moreover, Borssele represents the culmination of an honourable tradition initiated during the fifteenth century by the Zeeland nobleman Adriaan van Borssele with the construction of ringstraatdorpen[1] such as Dirksland, Sommelsdijk and Middelharnis, in the large Flakkee polders. The marquises of Bergen op Zoom and the family of Orange continued this tradition during the sixteenth century in the construction of Willemstad and Colijnsplaat, among others. Soetwater exploited the symbolic significance of these new villages, which was as important to Adriaan van Borssele and his followers as their economic and administrative function, for his own purposes. By continuing a trend towards orthogonality and symmetry in the layout of sixteenth-century ringstraatdorpen in the double symmetry of the Borssele street plan, Soetwater was able to emphasize the victory of rationality over chaos. Not just in the sense that the wild water had been turned into orderly cultural landscape, but also in the sense that after many years of war, the Twelve Year Truce had ushered in a period of peace, order and the prospect of a bright future. [1] The ringstraatdorp was a combination of two older types of Zeeland village plans, the kerkringdorp and the voorstraatdorp. Its main street (voorstraat) was perpendicular to the polder dike and its landward end terminated in a kerkring (church encircled by a street).

Courant bracket as T-dual invariant extension of Lie bracket

We consider the symmetries of a closed bosonic string, starting with the general coordinate transformations. Their generator takes vector components ξμ as its parameter and its Poisson bracket algebra gives rise to the Lie bracket of its parameters. We are going to extend this generator in order for it to be invariant upon self T-duality, i.e. T-duality realized in the same phase space. The new generator is a function of a 2D double symmetry parameter Λ, that is a direct sum of vector components ξμ, and 1-form components λμ. The Poisson bracket algebra of a new generator produces the Courant bracket in a same way that the algebra of the general coordinate transformations produces Lie bracket. In that sense, the Courant bracket is T-dual invariant extension of the Lie bracket. When the Kalb-Ramond field is introduced to the model, the generator governing both general coordinate and local gauge symmetries is constructed. It is no longer self T-dual and its algebra gives rise to the B-twisted Courant bracket, while in its self T-dual description, the relevant bracket becomes the θ-twisted Courant bracket. Next, we consider the T-duality and the symmetry parameters that depend on both the initial coordinates xμ and T-dual coordinates yμ. The generator of these transformations is defined as an inner product in a double space and its algebra gives rise to the C-bracket.

The Upper Bound Theorem in Forging Processes: Model of Triangular Rigid Zones on Parts with Horizontal Symmetry

This paper presents the analytical method capacity of the upper bound theorem, under modular approach, to extend its application possibilities. Traditionally, this method has been applied in forging processes, considering plane strain condition and parts with double symmetry configuration. However, in this study, the double symmetry is eliminated by means of a fluency plane whose position comes from the center of mass calculated. The study of the load required to ensure the plastic deformation will be focus on the profile of the part, independently on both sides of the fluence plane, modifying the number and the shape of the modules that form the two halves in which the part is defined. This way, it is possible to calculate the necessary load to cause the plastic deformation, whatever its geometric profile.

Thin-wire radiating structures with double symmetry

The problems of electrodynamic analysis of thin-wire radiating structures with double symmetry are considered. New generalized integral representations of the electromagnetic field are obtained for the case of structures with single and double symmetries. Based on the obtained expressions, mathematical models of two - and four-way elliptical spiral antennas are constructed. It is shown that taking into account double symmetry in solving the internal electrodynamic problem leads to a set of independent Fredholm integral equations of the first kind written with respect to the distributions of normal current waves, which significantly simplifies the solution of the internal electrodynamic problem. Comparisons of current distributions along conductors, their input resistance dependences on the radius of the structure, and normalized radiation patterns for two- and four-way spiral emitters are presented.

Influência dos efeitos globais de segunda ordem em manifestações patológicas em um edifício de concreto

Structural accidents of high-rise buildings due to instability has occurred with some frequency in Brazil. Generally, building instability implies in a series of pathologies in structural and non-structural elements. The Brazilian code regulation suggests two simplified procedures, named as instability parameter α and γz coefficient. In terms of design, the main difference between such simplified procedures is that, differently from the instability parameter α, the γz coefficient can be used to estimate the second order effects and it is applied to buildings that do not present double symmetry. In the light of the foregoing, this paper addresses to the evolution process of pathological manifestations due to structural instability in an actual high-rise building. As soon as the building was occupied, cracks nucleated and propagated in few days. The observed cracking pattern indicated that the building could break in two pieces as a way to compensate the second order effects. Thereby, the structural instability and its consequences were evaluated by means of a commercial design computer software