Diversity of fungi obtained from bats captured in urban forest fragments in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Bats are important for the homeostasis of ecosystems and serve as hosts of various microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi with pathogenic potential. This study aimed to isolate fungi from biological samples obtained from bats captured in the city of Sinop (state of Mato Grosso, Brazil), where large areas of deforestation exist due to urbanization and agriculture. On the basis of the flow of people and domestic animals, 48 bats were captured in eleven urban forest fragments. The samples were processed and submitted to microbiological cultures, to isolate and to identify the fungal genera. Thirty-four (70.83%) of the captured bats were positive for fungi; 18 (37.5%) and 16 (33.33%) of these bats were female and male, respectively. Penicillium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon sp., and Candida sp., which may cause opportunistic infections, were isolated. The bat species with the highest number of fungal isolates was Molossus molossus: 21 isolates (43.8%). According to our results, bats captured in urban forest fragments in Sinop harbor pathogenic fungi, increasing the risk of opportunistic fungal infections in humans and domestic animals.

Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi and Actinobacteria as Potential Sources of Novel Colorectal Cancer Drugs

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in the world. Chemotheraphy is one of the most common methods used for the pharmacological treatment of this cancer patients. Nevertheless, the adverse effect of chemotherapy is not optimized for improving the quality of life of people who are older, who are the most vulnerable subpopulation. This review presents recent updates regarding secondary metabolites derived from marine fungi and actinobacteria as novel alternatives for cytotoxic agents against colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116, HT29, HCT15, RKO, Caco-2, and SW480. The observed marine-derived fungi were from the species Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Neosartorya sp., Dichotomomyces sp., Paradendryphiella sp., and Westerdykella sp. Additionally, Streptomyces sp. and Nocardiopsis sp. are actinobacteria discussed in this study. Seventy one compounds reviewed in this study were grouped on the basis of their chemical structures. Indole alkaloids and diketopiperazines made up most compounds with higher potencies when compared with other groups. The potency of indole alkaloids and diketopiperazines was most probably due to halogen-based functional groups and sulfide groups, respectively.

Computational peptidology approach to the study of the chemical reactivity and bioactivity properties of Aspergillipeptide D, a cyclopentapeptide of marine origin

Aspergillipeptide D is a cyclic pentapeptide isolated from the marine gorgonian Melitodes squamata-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. SCSIO 41501 that it has been shown to present moderate activity against herpes virus simplex type 1 (HSV-1). Thus, this paper presents the results of a computational study of this cyclopentapeptide’s chemical reactivity and bioactivity properties using a CDFT-based computational peptidology (CDFT-CP) methodology, which is derived from combining chemical reactivity descriptors derived from Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT) and some Cheminformatics tools which may be used. This results in an improvement of the virtual screening procedure by a similarity search allowing the identification and validation of the known ability of the peptide to act as a possible useful drug. This was followed by an examination of the drug’s bioactivity and pharmacokinetics indices in relation to the ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) characteristics. The findings provide further evidence of the MN12SX density functional’s superiority in proving the Janak and Ionization Energy theorems using the proposed KID approach. This has proven to be beneficial in accurately predicting CDFT reactivity characteristics, which aid in the understanding of chemical reactivity. The Computational Pharmacokinetics study revealed the potential ability of Aspergillipeptide D as a therapeutic drug through the interaction with different target receptors. The ADMET indices confirm this assertion through the absence of toxicity and good absorption and distribution properties.

Orange-Brown Pigment Production from an Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus Sp. N11 and its Potential Pharmaceutical Applications

Endophytic fungi are the main source of natural compounds including pigments having various industrial applications. Present study describes the production of extracellular orange-brown pigment from an endophytic fungal isolate Aspergillus sp. N11from Teucrium stocksianum. The optimum conditions for pigment production from this isolate was investigated and results showed that highest yield was observed in Potato dextrose broth, at pH 5 and 30 ℃ under shaking condition at 150 rpm for 7-10 days. The pigment was extracted in ethyl acetate and purified using column chromatography. Three different pigments were purified (yellow, light brown and orange-brown) and characterized based on Thin layer chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of purified fragments showed maximum zone of inhibition of 40 mm against S. aureus while for P. aeruginosa maximum zone of 50 mm and maximum antifungal activity of 20 mm against C. albicans. The antioxidant potential of purified pigment obtained from Aspergillus sp. N11 indicates that maximum scavenging activity of 67%. The results showed that purified pigments are astaxanthins belonging to oxygen containing carotenoids. The purified astaxanthins showed antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities indicating its potential to be utilized in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Identifikasi makroskopis dan mikroskopis organ pada ayam kampung (Gallus domesticus) dengan suspect aspergillosis

Pedagang ayam di pasar besar Kota Malang melaporkan ada seekor ayam kampung terlihat berdiam disudut kandang. Keesokan harinya ayam tersebut mati di dalam kandang dan dilakukan nekropsi untuk mengetahui kelainan patologik yang terjadi pada tubuh ayam. Hasil pengamatan dan pemeriksaan yang dilakukan terlihat organ ayam yang mengalami kelainan patologis yaitu trakea, hepar, proventrikulus, dan jantung. Trakea terinfestasi kapang diduga Aspergillus sp sehingga mengalami kelainan infiltrasi sel radang pada trakea. Jantung mengalami kelainan berupa nekrosis koagulatif dan kongesti. Proventrikulus juga mengalami kongesti. Hepar terjadi edema dan kongesti disekitar sel hepatosit. Akumulasi kapang Aspergilus sp. ditemukan pada trakea.

POTENSI METABOLIT SEKUNDER DARI JAMUR YANG BERASOSIASI DENGAN SPONS LAUT SEBAGAI SUMBER SENYAWA ANTIKANKER

Beban kesehatan yang ditimbulkan akibat kanker terus meningkat seiring dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang nyata baik di negara maju maupun berkembang. Jamur laut merupakan sumber metabolit sekunder yang berguna untuk tujuan penemuan obat. Sejumlah senyawa metabolit yang dihasilkan oleh jamur laut telah menunjukkan efek antikanker kuat. Metabolit Cytochalasin K yang dihasilkan jamur Arthrinium arundinis ZSDS1-F3 yang diisolasi dari spons laut Phakellia fusca memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap lini sel K562, A549, Huh-7, H1975, HL60, Hela, dan MOLT-4. Metabolit Disydonol A yang diproduksi oleh jamur Aspergillus sp. yang diisolasi dari spons laut Xestospongia testudinaria memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap lini sel HepG-2 and Caski. Metabolit Marilines A1 dan A2 yang dihasilkan oleh jamur Stachylidium sp. yang diisolasi dari spons laut Callyspongia cf. C. flammea memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap lini sel HLE. Dalam ulasan ini, kami menyoroti beberapa jamur yang berasal dari laut dengan metabolit yang dapat memodulasi aktivitas beberapa enzim yang berperan penting pada pertumbuhan dan metastasis sel tumor.

IDENTIFIKASI JAMUR Aspergillus sp PADA ROTI TAWAR SEBELUM MASA KADALUARSA DI PASAR BURUNGTUNGKU KOTA BANDUNG

Roti tawar adalah salah satu makanan yang berbahan dasar tepung terigu di fermentasikan dengan ragi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) dan penambahan bahan lainnya. Jamur merupakan mikroorganisme utama berperan penting dalam proses pembuatan dan pembusukan roti. Jamur Aspergillus sp merupakan jamur kontaminan umum pada berbagai substrat salah satunya pada roti tawar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi jamur Aspergillus sp pada roti tawar sebelum masa kadaluarsa di Pasar Minggu Burung Tungku Kota Bandung. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif yaitu dengan isolasi jamur pada media SDA (Sabaroud Dextrose Agar) kemudian disimpan selama 5 hari di inkubator pada suhu 27oC, setelah itu di periksa di bawah mikroskop dengan penambahan larutan LPCB (Lactophenol Cotton Blue). Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dari 4 jenis roti tawar 3 jenis roti tawar 2 hari sebelum masa kadaluarsa hasilnya positif di temukan jamur kontaminan pada sampel roti tawar 1, 3, dan roti tawar 4. Pada sampel roti tawar 1 dan 3 ditemukan jamur kontaminan Aspergillus fumigatus dan pada sampel roti tawar 4 ditemukan jamur kontaminan Aspergillus flavus. Dari hasil penelitian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa roti tawar 2 hari sebelum masa kadaluarsa terkontaminasi oleh jamur golongan Ascomycetes yaitu Aspergillus sp. Kata Kunci: Roti Tawar, Aspergillus sp, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus.

Bioethanol Production From Hassawi Rice Straw Wastes Assisted by Aspergillus sp. NAS51 Cellulosic Enzyme Under SSF and Saccharification Process With in Silico Enzyme Structural Homology Modeling

With the distribution of exploitable non-renewable energy resources, the use of lignocellulosic wastes to make bioethanol and biogas has drawn great attention from researchers. In our effort to find a potent cellulase-producing fungal strain, the fungus NAS51 was isolated from a sponge collected from the Red Sea, Jeddah, among eight isolates and selected as it displayed potent cellulolytic activity. The fungus was identified morphologically and genetically by sequencing its 18SrRNA gene as Aspergillus sp. NAS51. The cellulase activity of Aspergillus sp. NAS51 was optimized and maximum enzyme production was obtained at initial pH7, temp 30oC, incubation period 11 days, moisture content 70%, urea as a nitrogen source, and K2HPO4 (2g/L). The cellulase gene has been sequenced and the protein 3D structure was generated via in silico homology modeling. Determination of binding sites and biological annotations of the constructed protein was carried out via COACH and COFACTOR based on the I-TASSER structure prediction. To reach the maximum enzyme hydrolysis, the rice straw collected from Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was pretreated with NaOH 1.5% to remove lignin and to enhance the saccharification process by cellulase enzyme. The saccharified product was measured using HPLC, fermented by S. cerevisiae and the bioethanol yield produced from the fermentation was 0.454 ml ethanol/g fermentable sugars.

Similarity between corn hybrids using sanitary and physiological seed parameters

One of the elements capable of explaining the epidemics of diseases in the fields of corn production is the amount of initial inoculum present in seeds. The objective of this paper was to study the health and physiological quality of maize hybrids grown in the 2019 crop. The experiment was carried out using 22 hybrids represented by: 13K21PW Morgan©, 14K185PW Morgan©, 230 PRO 3 DKB©, 290 PRO 3 DKB© , 3040 VIP3 LG©, 3055 VIP3 LG©, 30F35 Pioneer ©, 310 PRO 3 DKB©, 345 PRO 3 DKB©, 8882 Coded DKB, CBS15C385PW Morgan©, CBS15D089PW Morgan©, CBS15SE137PW Morgan©, Coded x40K205 (3898) Pioneer, K9606 VIP3 KWS©, MG580PW Morgan©, MG652PW Morgan©, SH 7930 PRO 2 Sta Helena©, SH 7990 PRO 2 Sta Helena©, SX5885 VIP3 Syngenta©, SX71715 VIP3 Syngenta© and SX8934 VIP3 Syngenta© that were grown in the municipality of Ipameri, GO. Analyzed the percentage of primary root emission (ERP),% of shoot emission (EPA),% of microorganism incidence, % of fungus genera (% GF). Sixteen fungi were detected representing the microflora detected in the seeds of the evaluated hybrids recognized as Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium verticillioides, Gliomastix sp., Cladosporium sp., Gliocladium sp., Bacillus sp., Geotrichum sp. , Trichoderma sp., Mucor sp., Stenocarpela maydis, Pythium sp., Chaetomium sp., Sporotrix sp. and Scopulariopsis sp. The multivariate analysis jointed the cultivars with highest physiological activity represented by SX 8934 Vip3 SYN®, SX 71715 Vip 3®, 3040 Vip3 LG®, SHS 7990 PRO2, SX 5885 Vip3, MG 652 PW®, K9606 Vip3®, DKB 345 PRO3. The lowest incidence of microorganism was in hybrids DKB 345 PRO3 and 8882 cod.