global drivers
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Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Shade T. Shutters ◽  
Holger Seibert ◽  
Bastian Alm ◽  
Keith Waters

Urban systems, and regions more generally, are the epicenters of many of today’s social issues. Yet they are also the global drivers of technological innovation, and thus it is critical that we understand their vulnerabilities and what makes them resilient to different types of shocks. We take regions to be systems composed of internal networks of interdependent components. As the connectedness of those networks increases, it allows information and resources to move more rapidly within a region. Yet, it also increases the speed and efficiency at which the effects of shocks cascade through the system. Here we analyzed regional networks of interdependent industries and how their structures relate to a region’s vulnerability to shocks. Methodologically, we utilized a metric of economic connectedness called tightness which quantifies a region’s internal connectedness relative to other regions. We calculated tightness for German regions during the Great Recession, comparing it to each region’s economic performance during the shock (2007–2009) and during recovery (2009–2011). We find that tightness is negatively correlated with changes in economic performance during the shock but positively during recovery. This suggests that regional economic planners face a tradeoff between being more productive or being more vulnerable to the next economic shock.


2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (341) ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
Jelena Nikolajenko-Skarbalė ◽  
Rasa Viederytė ◽  
Agnė Šneiderienė

Abstract Climate change and environmental deterioration have been recognized as global drivers of change, and the shift to the “greener” economy is the key to sustainable development. The green economy is a priority field for developing and developed economies. However, as the authors of the publication have realised, there is no consensus about the meaning of the green economy and “green” jobs, that is why an uncertainty as in measurement of economic trends and an impact of it, as well as in what skills and competencies should be assigned to the “green” ones, arises. The new “green” processes and technologies are arising in a progressive trend, that is why it is important to ensure there are properly skilled candidates with appropriate “green” skills and competencies on the labour market, as well as to prepare fresh graduates with the “green” skills that will meet requirement of both, the recent and the future companies, especially operating in the “green” sector. In the framework of “SB Bridge” project an online survey was conducted by interviewing the “green” companies to identify which skills and competencies are needed for “green” jobs recently, and whether candidates and fresh graduates are enough with the “green” skills and competencies for fruitful engagement to “green” jobs. As the survey identified, fresh graduates and candidates for “green” jobs lack technical and (or) mechanical knowledge, IT skills, as well as experience and ability to work independently and in the team to resolve arising problems.


Author(s):  
V. T. Bickel ◽  
J. Aaron ◽  
A. Manconi ◽  
S. Loew

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mathias Mitteregger ◽  
Emilia M. Bruck ◽  
Aggelos Soteropoulos ◽  
Andrea Stickler ◽  
Martin Berger ◽  
...  

AbstractAt least since the turn of the millennium, it has become clear that Europe’s cities are facing a rising number of increasingly demanding challenges. Climate change and global technological development are two considerable global drivers that are also governing social change in Europe. These two significant aspects require us to re-examine fundamental questions concerning urban development.


Author(s):  
Alan Fecchio ◽  
Nicholas J. Clark ◽  
Jeffrey A. Bell ◽  
Heather R. Skeen ◽  
Holly L. Lutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4313-4329
Author(s):  
Kathrine Maxwell ◽  
Hildegard Westphal ◽  
Alessio Rovere

Abstract. Marine Isotope Stage 5e (MIS 5e; the Last Interglacial, 125 ka) represents a process analog for a warmer world. Analysis of sea-level proxies formed in this period helps in constraining both regional and global drivers of sea-level change. In Southeast Asia, several studies have reported elevation and age information on MIS 5e sea-level proxies, such as fossil coral reef terraces or tidal notches, but a standardized database of such data was hitherto missing. In this paper, we produced such a sea-level database using the framework of the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines (WALIS; https://warmcoasts.eu/world-atlas.html). Overall, we screened and reviewed 14 studies on Last Interglacial sea-level indicators in Southeast Asia, from which we report 43 proxies (42 coral reef terraces and 1 tidal notch) that were correlated to 134 dated samples. Five data points date to MIS 5a (80 ka), six data points are MIS 5c (100 ka), and the rest are dated to MIS 5e. The database compiled in this study is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5040784 (Maxwell et al., 2021).


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Brown ◽  
Aimee H Fullerton ◽  
Darin Kopp ◽  
Flavia Tromboni ◽  
Arial J Shogren ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 117 (7/8) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Arthur Chapman ◽  
Guy F. Midgley ◽  
Kathleen Smart

Planning for future water resource management in a warming climate is confounded when an expectation of increasing evaporation from open water surfaces with global warming is contradicted by observations of secular declines of pan evaporation. Decreasing pan evaporation has been observed globally – a trend which has been attributed variously to declines in wind run (‘global stilling’), declines in radiation (‘global dimming’) and increases in ambient humidity. This contrast between expectation and observation is known as the ‘evaporation paradox’. We evaluated trends in Symons pan evaporation from 154 pans across South Africa. Whilst 59 pans (38% of the 154) showed a statistically significant decrease in observed evaporation rates (p≤0.05), 30 (20%) showed an increase, and 65 (42%) showed no change. These results do not support simple attributions of trends to a common global cause. There is no spatially coherent pattern to trends across South Africa, suggesting that shifts in local drivers of evaporation confound expectations of secular trends due to global drivers. Changes in fetch conditions of the Symons pan installations may be implicated, whereby increasing tree density (through afforestation, alien plant invasion and woody thickening) increases surface friction, reducing wind run, and/or irrigation nearby, increasing local humidity. Correct attribution of the evaporation paradox to reduced wind run in South Africa must consider changing local conditions. Increased tree cover has been observed near a third of the South African Symons pans. Observed evaporation increases for one fifth of pans may implicate expected global drivers for pans where local fetch conditions have remained relatively constant.


Author(s):  
Per‐Ola Hedwall ◽  
Jaime Uria‐Diez ◽  
Jörg Brunet ◽  
Lena Gustafsson ◽  
Anna‐Lena Axelsson ◽  
...  

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