Skrining Berbagai Jenis Surfaktan Dan Kosurfaktan Sebagai Dasar Pemilihan Formulasi Nanoemulsi

The main components for making nanoemulsions are oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants. Before formulating nanoemulsions, screening the surfactants and cosurfactants is necessary to produce an optimum formula. Thus, it carries out surfactants screening, namely (tween 20, tween 60, tween 80) and cosurfactants (propyleneglycol, PEG 400, glycerin). This study aimed to screen suitable selection and cosurfactants as the basis for making nanoemulsions. Then, the research method was carried out in two ways: surfactant screening and cosurfactant screening. The final results were analyzed using a pseudoternary phase diagram. The surfactant screening results were tween 20 (40mL), tween 60 (40mL), tween 80 (60mL); thereby, the best surfactant candidate was tween 80. The results of the surfactant screening on the pseudoternary phase diagram are the most optimal, namely tween 80 with propylene glycol because it has a large nanoemulsion formation area. The study proposed the ratio of oil: smix (tween 80 and propyleneglycol) (1:9) as the optimum formula used to make a nanoemulsion base.

FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CURCUMIN BASED EMULGEL IN TREATMENT AND RECURRENCE OF VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS

Objective: The main causative agent of vaginal candidiasis is Candida albicans and it develops resistance against several synthetic antifungal drugs and it has a high rate of infection in women. According to WHO report, around 75% of women are infected by Candida albicans and 50 % are infected a second time by Candida albicans. Therefore, we choose Curcumin an antifungal agent that had reported antifungal properties against the various fungal species. The Curcumin-containing emulgel based microemulsion system was prepared for greater retention time and penetration across the vaginal mucosa. Methods: The screening of oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant for microemulsion formulation was selected based on the solubility study and followed by the construction of the pseudoternary phase diagram. The oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant are selected from the pseudoternary phase diagram for the formulation of a stable microemulsion. The prepared Curcumin-loaded microemulsion was characterized by globule size, polydispersity index, Zeta potential, accelerated stability study, drug content, percent transmittance and antifungal assay by broth microdilution technique. The formulated microemulsion was converted into a vaginal emulgel by using Pluronic@F127. The formulated curcumin-loaded emulgel was characterized by different evaluation parameters and antifungal study by agar well diffusion method. Results: The result showed that the average globule size of emulgel was 286.3 nm, polydispersity index was 0.241, Zeta potential was+19.20 mv, conductivity was 0.0390 mS/cm, and drug content was found to be 95.58%. The texture of formulated emulgel was found to be soft and smooth, with shear-thinning, pseudoplastic behavior, and easily spreadable. The in vitro permeability study of emulgel shows slow and complete release of curcumin in 10 h. The microemulsion and developed emulgel showed promising antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Conclusion: The developed curcumin-loaded emulgel showed promising antifungal activity against Candida albicans as compared to the Fluconazole as an standard antifungal antibiotic. Our formulated Curcumin-containing emulgel can be a potential alternative as compared to the conventional dosage form for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.

A PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND IN VITRO SKIN PENETRATION OF MORUS ALBA ROOT EXTRACT NANOEMULSION

Objective: White mulberry (Morus alba) root extract has terpenoid, flavonoid, and stilbene compounds. The stilbenes, oxyresveratrol and resveratrol, have antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. Nanocarriers can help active ingredients to be delivered in a more efficient manner. The advantages of nanoemulsion on products include increased penetration, biocompatibility, and low toxicity due to its non-ionic properties and have the ability to combine the properties of lipophilic and hydrophilic active ingredients. The objective of this study was to prepare, characterize, and evaluate the in vitro skin penetration of M. alba root extract nanoemulsion. Methods: The M. alba root extract was prepared by ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction method. Nanoemulsion was optimized and prepared using virgin coconut oil (VCO), Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) by aqueous phase-titration method to construct pseudoternary phase diagram. M. alba root extract nanoemulsion was characterized for droplet size, viscosity, zeta potential, and physical stability tests for 12 weeks. In vitro skin penetration of oxyresveratrol from nanoemulsion was determined by the Franz diffusion cell and was compared by macroemulsion preparation, then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography method. Results: Based on pseudoternary phase diagram, nanoemulsion of white mulberry root extract contained of 2% VCO and 18% mixture of surfactant Tween 80 and PEG 400 (1:1) was chosen. Nanoemulsion has average globule size of 81.61 nm, with polydispersity index 0.22, and potential zeta −1.56 mV. The cumulative penetration of oxyresveratrol from nanoemulsion was 55.86 μg/cm2 with flux of 6.53 μg/cm2/h, while regular emulsion was 32.45 μg/cm2 with flux of 3.5501 μg/cm2/h. Conclusion: Nanoemulsion of white mulberry root extract was penetrated deeper than regular emulsion.

OPTIMIZATION AND SOLUBILIZATION STUDY OF NANOEMULSION BUDESONIDE AND CONSTRUCTING PSEUDOTERNARY PHASE DIAGRAM

Objective: The aim of the present study was to formulate and optimize budesonide nanoemulsions for targeting inflammation.Methods: Budesonide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. The exact mechanism of the action of budesonide in the treatment of Crohn’s disease is not fully understood. However, being a glucocorticosteroid, budesonide has a high local anti-inflammatory effect. The formulation was optimized for different components and the solubility study for the oil in surfactant and cosurfactant mix ratio was optimized using ternary phase diagram.Results: The surfactant mix ratio was optimized as 1:3 where the maximum concentration of the oil has solubilized and the nanoemulsion area was increased.Conclusion: Budesonide nanoemulsion for targeting inflammation and the pseudoternary phase diagram for the solubility studies and the components of different phases were optimized and achieved through this study.

OPTIMIZATION AND SOLUBILIZATION STUDY OF NANOEMULSION BUDESONIDE AND CONSTRUCTING PSEUDOTERNARY PHASE DIAGRAM

Objective: The aim of the present study was to formulate and optimize budesonide nanoemulsions for targeting inflammation.Methods: Budesonide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. The exact mechanism of the action of budesonide in the treatment of Crohn’s disease is not fully understood. However, being a glucocorticosteroid, budesonide has a high local anti-inflammatory effect. The formulation was optimized for different components and the solubility study for the oil in surfactant and cosurfactant mix ratio was optimized using ternary phase diagram.Results: The surfactant mix ratio was optimized as 1:3 where the maximum concentration of the oil has solubilized and the nanoemulsion area was increased.Conclusion: Budesonide nanoemulsion for targeting inflammation and the pseudoternary phase diagram for the solubility studies and the components of different phases were optimized and achieved through this study.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fish Oil-based Rizatriptan Microemulsion for Intranasal Migraine Treatment

In the present study microemulsion based intranasal gel of rizatriptan using fish oil was prepared for treatment and management of migraine to sustain the drug release and improve the drug residence time in nasal cavity. Fish oil is reported to have antimigraine activity hence it has been used in the present formulation along with cremophore EL as surfactant and Transcutol P as co-surfactant. The pseudoternary phase diagram plotted with these components shown the microemulsion existence region in ratio of (1:9-9:1) surfactant and co-surfactant. The optimized micro-emulsion contained fish oil (45.29%), cremophore E/transcutol P (2:1) and was characterized for pH (6.3±0.02), viscosity (114 ± 3.00cp), % transmittance (99.5 ± 1.01), refractive index (1.335±0.01),). The prepared microemulsion gels were optimized and characterized for in-vitro studies, pH, drug content, rheological studies and stability study. The release of rizatriptan from micro-emulsion gel prepared from carbopol 934 (98.01%) was found to be higher and prolonged than plain gel. Thus, microemulsion based gel was able to prolong drug releaseand improve drug residence time in the nasal cavity.