What experts say about COVID-19 vaccine work in human body

This health paper analysis discusses what experts think about the work of the COVID-19 vaccine in the human body. This study is part of general public health literacy. To facilitate the discussion, we obtained data through a Google search engine on many well-known publications concerned with health issues, especially the coronavirus prevention vaccination program. The publication journals we mean are Medpub, Google Book, Esavier, Sagepub, Academic research, Taylor and France, and several other publications. We managed this paper in a qualitative design for secondary data exploration. Meanwhile, our research efforts are carried out. Namely, we use data coding, evaluation, and in-depth interpretation to draw conclusions that can answer the questions of this study validly and reliably. The result is that vaccine programs function by training the immune system to detect and fight viruses and bacteria. Do this; pathogenic molecules must be delivered into the body to elicit an immune response. These molecules, known as antigens, can be found in all viruses and bacteria.

Efforts to improve 3R literacy (reduce, reuse and recycle) in creating a healthy environment

Waste is an inseparable impact of human activities, both the result of organisms or natural processes. Waste that is not managed properly will cause problems, especially those related to public health and environmental hygiene. The amount of garbage piled up every day is quite large and the majority comes from residential waste. Therefore, it is necessary to manage waste through 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle). However, the implementation of 3R activities in the community is still constrained, especially by the lack of public awareness to sort waste. The purpose of the community empowerment is to increase public health literacy through the 3R principles at the waste bank in Wonosuko Hamlet, Tegalrejo, Magelang. The method used in this community service activity is to use the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach by socialization, training and mentoring. The results of this service activity indicate that after the training there was an increase in awareness in establishing a healthy environment by implementing 3R through a waste bank in the Wonosuko Hamlet, Tegalrejo, Magelang.

Investigating the Relationships Between Public Health Literacy and Public Trust in Physicians in China's Control of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Public trust in physicians and public health literacy (HL) are important factors that ensure the effectiveness of health-care delivery, particularly that provided during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This study investigates HL as a predictor of public trust in physicians in China's ongoing efforts to control COVID-19.Methods: Data were gathered in February 2020 during the peak of the disease in China. Based on Nutbeam's conceptualization of HL, we measure HL vis-à-vis COVID-19 by using a six-item scale that includes two items each for functional, interactive, and critical HL. Trust in physicians was measured by assessing physicians' capability to diagnose COVID-19. A rank-sum test and ordinal logit regression modeling were used to analyze the data.Results: Two key findings: (a) trust in physician handling of treatment for COVID-19 is reported by about 74% of respondents; and (b) five of the six HL measures are positive predictors of public trust in physician treatment of the disease, with functional HL1 having the highest level of such association (coefficient 0.285, odds ratio 1.33%, p < 0.01).Conclusions: Improving public HL is important for better public-physician relationships, as well as for nations' efforts to contain the pandemic, serving as a possible behavioral, non-clinical antidote to COVID-19. Being confronted with the unprecedented virus, humans need trust. Health education and risk communication can improve public compliance with physicians' requirements and build a solid foundation for collective responses.

Influencing Factors on Health Information to Improve Public Health Literacy in the Official WeChat Account of Guangzhou CDC

Background: Social media is used as a new channel for health information. In China, the official WeChat account is becoming the most popular platform for health information dissemination, which has created a good opportunity for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to facilitate health information online to improve emergency public health literacy.Methods: Data were collected from the Guangzhou CDC i-Health official WeChat account between April 1, 2018 and April 30, 2019. Descriptive analysis was performed for basic information about the followers and posts of the official WeChat account. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association among various factors of posts on engagement of followers of the official WeChat account.Results: Among 187,033 followers, the total numbers of post views, shares, likes, add to favorites, and comments for 213 posts were 1,147,308, 8,4671, and 5,535, respectively. Engagement of followers peaked on the dissemination date and gradually declined. The main post topics were health education posts and original posts. In the multiple logistic regression model, the number of post views was found to be significantly associated with infectious disease posts (AOR: 3.20, 95% CI: 1.16–8.81), original posts (AOR: 10.20, 95% CI: 1.17–89.28), and posts with title-reflected content (AOR: 2.93, 95% CI: 1.16–8.81).Conclusion: Our findings facilitate the government to formulate better strategies and improve the effectiveness of public information dissemination.

English Reading Proficiency: A Study of Public Health Students in Indonesia

This study aimed to determine the English-language public health literacy of public health students. Literacy of public health constitutes proficiency and application of complex skills such as reading, critical and analytical thinking, listening and decisionmaking skills about emerging health situations. We used a quantitative approach with cross-sectional research to investigate the extent of English-language public health literacy among first year public health students. There were 110 participants in this study, all of whom were first year students of the Faculty of Public Health/ Public Health Study Program in North Sumatra Province and more than half were 18 years old with the sex dominated by women. The English-language public health literacy was quite high while students had limitations in understanding the content and main ideas of the articles they read. Students tended to hesitate to disseminate and explain information because they were not confident in their literacy skills. These findings can be used as material for English language curriculum evaluation and competency adjustment of public health students at college level. Keywords: Cross-sectional study, public health literacy, public health students, reading skill, undergraduate student

Effective Communications Techniques for Communities to Reach Older Adults in a Natural Disaster

Framing timely messages during an emergency is often underestimated but is vitally essential and necessary, especially for the older population. While there is existing research on disaster and older adults, there is a gap in the literature that focuses on a 21st-century communication model that reaches at-risk populations. This presentation explores how practitioners can inspire change in the delivery of an emergency message to communities. Appropriately designed health communications will provide extensive knowledge about the health crisis and improve public health literacy among older adults in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery, creating messages that influence necessary behavior change during the emergency. Additionally, recognizing how collaborative partnerships with Federal, Local, State government, trusted relief agencies, and community groups benefit from designing an organizational structure to disseminate information to the community. Part of a symposium sponsored by Disasters and Older Adults Interest Group.

Generic Health Literacy Measurements for Adults: A Scoping Review

Background: Generic health literacy measurement (GHLM) is an important tool to identify individuals with limited health literacy and can assist the design of tailored interventions for improving public health literacy. However, there is no consensus on measuring generic health literacy. The present study aims to review current GHLM used for adults in the literature. Methods: A scoping review was undertaken to map the available measurements designed to assess generic health literacy. Results: The review identified 19 GHLM for adults. Most of them applied a multidimensional definition of health literacy with a focus on individuals’ abilities to access, appraise, understand, and apply health information and services. Nutbeam’s conceptual model and Sørensen’s integrated model were widely used among the identified measures as the theoretical foundation. While the social determinants of health (SDH) were acknowledged in the two models, it remains unmentioned in many of the identified measures based on the Nutbeam’s model and needs further development in the measure based on the Sørensen’s model. A total of 39 different domains were assessed in the 19 measurements: prose was identified in 8 measurements and was the most prominent domain; followed by numeracy (n = 7) and interactive (n = 7). SDH related domains such as social support (n = 3), social capital (n = 1) were seldom included in the identified measurements. Conclusions: Although current GHLM adopted a multidimensional construct, they mainly focused on individuals’ abilities and SDH has not been well-developed in the assessment. Further research is required to advance the measuring of the interaction between SDH and health literacy.

Evaluation of public health literacy in adults who applied for primary health care in Turkey

Background The climate change, conflicts, mass migrations and global epidemics happening in today's world shows that it's necessary for the communities to implement public health decisions. In this context, the degree of obtaining and complying with the information required for individuals to process, understand and evaluate public health decisions has revealed the concept of public health literacy. The aim of the study was to determine the public health literacy (PHL) levels in adults applying for health care. Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 1672 adults who applied for primary health care in Eskişehir in 2019. Public Health Literacy Knowledge Scale (PHLKS) which is created with a WHO initiative was used to assess the PHL levels. The scores that can be obtained from this scale ranges from 0 to 17 and higher score implies higher literacy levels. In the study group, Cronbach's alpha value was 0.72 for the PHLKS. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the variables that affect PHLKS score. Results In the study group; 924 (55.3%) were male, 399 (23.9%) were living in a rural area, their ages ranged from 18 to 87 and the mean age was 40.94 ± 15.22. The median score from the PHLKS was 13.0 and mean score was 12.38 ± 2.99. Among the participants, 27.8% of them had a correct response rate of ≥ 90% for the items of the scale. Variables related to PHLKS were found to be high level of education, to exercise regularly and to perceive the general health status as good (F = 28.869, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.161). Education level was the most important variable related with PHL level (Standardized β coefficient: 0.34 95% CI: 0.28-0.39). Conclusions PHL levels of the participants was thought to be moderate. Education level and the lifestyle choices were related to PHL. Key messages It was thought that new and improved tools to measure public health literacy levels are needed. Societies should improve their education levels and invest in health education programs for more effective public health interventions.