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Toxics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Baptiste Languille ◽  
Valérie Gros ◽  
Bonnaire Nicolas ◽  
Cécile Honoré ◽  
Anne Kaufmann ◽  
...  

Portable sensors have emerged as a promising solution for personal exposure (PE) measurement. For the first time in Île-de-France, PE to black carbon (BC), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was quantified based on three field campaigns involving 37 volunteers from the general public wearing the sensors all day long for a week. This successful deployment demonstrated its ability to quantify PE on a large scale, in various environments (from dense urban to suburban, indoor and outdoor) and in all seasons. The impact of the visited environments was investigated. The proximity to road traffic (for BC and NO2), as well as cooking activities and tobacco smoke (for PM), made significant contributions to total exposure (up to 34%, 26%, and 44%, respectively), even though the time spent in these environments was short. Finally, even if ambient outdoor levels played a role in PE, the prominent impact of the different environments suggests that traditional ambient monitoring stations is not a proper surrogate for PE quantification.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Mieslinger ◽  
Jule Radtke ◽  
Tobias Kölling

<p>Large field campaigns dedicated to study the earth system are run by large groups of people from many research institutions that are scattered around the globe. That way, it is possible to create a great wealth of original datasets, thoroughly quantifying the state of a specific region in space and time on our planet. All collected data is potentially very useful for model validation, process studies, teaching and more. But while researchers way beyond those participating at the field campaign might be interested in the data, even those participating are often faced by difficulties to discover, access and use the data.</p> <p>To tackle these challenges in the context of the EUREC4A field campaign, we started the „How to EUREC4A“ executable book project. It is an openly accessible online book, written collaboratively by participants from the field campaign and the broader community around. The book contains explanations about the available instruments, data and typical usage patterns. The book is also an executable book, which means that each of the chapters contain explanatory text, code and figures that can be modified by readers, either on their own computer or without any prior setup using an online service called „binder“. Thus, the book also forms a collection of data quicklooks and is an interactive plotting software at the same time.</p> <p>On first sight, the book might seem to be just yet another shiny user interface, similar to other data catalogs. But due to the way it is made, it really becomes the hub of a larger ecosystem. In order to make the book executable by everyone, data must be openly accessible and understandable to everyone, thus the book fosters the creation and maintenance of a comprehensive data catalog and the publication of datasets in an analysis friendly way. Every time the book is executed, we can test if the data is still accessible and still compatible. Furthermore, making beautiful and understandable usage examples for your dataset makes your data visible to a broader community, feels rewarding and motivates others to do the same. As the book lives due to motivated contributors, this creates a positive feedback loop to enlarge the collection of accessible and understandable data.</p>


Author(s):  
Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario ◽  
Ewan Crosbie ◽  
Paola Angela Bañaga ◽  
Grace Betito ◽  
Rachel A. Braun ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ricardo Hilario ◽  
Ewan Crosbie ◽  
Paola Angela Bañaga ◽  
Grace Betito ◽  
Rachel Anne Braun ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3615
Author(s):  
Talia Koll-Egyed ◽  
Jeffrey A. Cardille ◽  
Eliza Deutsch

Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is an important water property for lake management. Remote sensing using empirical algorithms has been used to estimate CDOM, with previous studies relying on coordinated field campaigns that coincided with satellite overpass. However, this requirement reduces the maximum possible sample size for model calibration. New satellites and advances in cloud computing platforms offer opportunities to revisit assumptions about methods used for empirical algorithm calibration. Here, we explore the opportunities and limits of using median values of Landsat 8 satellite images across southern Canada to estimate CDOM. We compare models created using an expansive view of satellite image availability with those emphasizing a tight timing between the date of field sampling and the date of satellite overpass. Models trained on median band values from across multiple summer seasons performed better (adjusted R2 = 0.70, N = 233) than models for which imagery was constrained to a 30-day time window (adjusted R2 = 0.45). Model fit improved rapidly when incorporating more images, producing a model at a national scale that performed comparably to others found in more limited spatial extents. This research indicated that dense satellite imagery holds new promise for understanding relationships between in situ CDOM and satellite reflectance data across large areas.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Hsiang Chiu ◽  
Shih-Chun Candice Lung ◽  
Nathan Chen ◽  
Jing-Shiang Hwang ◽  
Ming-Chien Mark Tsou

AbstractWind turbines generate low-frequency noise (LFN, 20–200 Hz), which poses health risks to nearby residents. This study aimed to assess heart rate variability (HRV) responses to LFN exposure and to evaluate the LFN exposure (dB, LAeq) inside households located near wind turbines. Thirty subjects living within a 500 m radius of wind turbines were recruited. The field campaigns for LFN (LAeq) and HRV monitoring were carried out in July and December 2018. A generalized additive mixed model was employed to evaluate the relationship between HRV changes and LFN. The results suggested that the standard deviations of all the normal to normal R–R intervals were reduced significantly, by 3.39%, with a 95% CI = (0.15%, 6.52%) per 7.86 dB (LAeq) of LFN in the exposure range of 38.2–57.1 dB (LAeq). The indoor LFN exposure (LAeq) ranged between 30.7 and 43.4 dB (LAeq) at a distance of 124–330 m from wind turbines. Moreover, households built with concrete and equipped with airtight windows showed the highest LFN difference of 13.7 dB between indoors and outdoors. In view of the adverse health impacts of LFN exposure, there should be regulations on the requisite distances of wind turbines from residential communities for health protection.


Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 793
Author(s):  
Davide Curci ◽  
Chiara Scapoli ◽  
Maria Gabriella Marchetti ◽  
Milvia Chicca ◽  
Marilena Leis ◽  
...  

Termites are an insect group relevant for recycling of organic matter, but they are also biodeteriogenic and may cause serious damages to wooden structures (including historical buildings and ancient libraries) in anthropogenic environments. The collection of Italian and foreign termites gathered over the years by Antonio Springhetti, Professor of Zoology at the University of Ferrara (Ferrara, Italy) and internationally renowned entomologist, contains over 44,000 specimens, collected by Springhetti during his field campaigns or donated by other entomologists from all over the world. The collection is currently preserved at the Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology of the University of Ferrara. Unfortunately, all documents, publications and notes concerning the Springhetti Collection were lost; thus, in 2020, the collection was completely re-catalogued within the University Museum System and analyzed in detail. The collection contains specimens dating back to 1878 and represents not only a valuable scientific tool for studies on these ecologically relevant insects that may cause damages to historical buildings, ancient books and artworks but also an important cultural asset for the University Museum System.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gervaix ◽  
Pascal Breil ◽  
Franck Poly ◽  
Philippe Namour

Description and validation of a new simple, inexpensive iso-pressure device for quantitative measurements of gas emissions in river (the SNIFFER for "Sampler of Natural InFluxes of Foul Emissions from River sediment"). The Sniffer was validated, during two field campaigns, a first in winter (18/12/13 to 20/02/14) and a second in spring (16/04/14 to 14/05/14) on a stream receiving some organic matter from a combined sewer overflow. The measured CH4 emissions are of the order of 0.50 L/(m2.day). This production is far from negligible and commits us to reconsider the contribution of water systems in total greenhouse gas emissions.


Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Elisa Gatto ◽  
Fabio Ippolito ◽  
Gennaro Rispoli ◽  
Oliver Savio Carlo ◽  
Jose Luis Santiago ◽  
...  

This study analyses the interactions and impacts between multiple factors i.e., urban greening, building layout, and meteorological conditions that characterise the urban microclimate and thermal comfort in the urban environment. The focus was on two neighbourhoods of Lecce city (southern Italy) characterised through field campaigns and modelling simulations on a typical hot summer day. Field campaigns were performed to collect greening, building geometry, and microclimate data, which were employed in numerical simulations of several greening scenarios using the Computational Fluid Dynamics-based and microclimate model ENVI-met. Results show that, on a typical summer day, trees may lead to an average daily decrease of air temperature by up to 1.00 °C and an improvement of thermal comfort in terms of Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) by up to 5.53 °C and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) by up to 0.53. This decrease is more evident when the urban greening (in terms of green surfaces and trees) is increased by 1266 m2 in the first neighbourhood and 1988 m2 in the second one, with respect to the current scenario, proving that shading effect mainly contributes to improving the urban microclimate during daytime. On the contrary, the trapping effect of heat, stored by the surfaces during the day and released during the evening, induces an increase of the spatially averaged MRT by up to 2 °C during the evenings and a slight deterioration of thermal comfort, but only locally where the concentration of high LAD trees is higher. This study contributes to a better understanding of the ecosystem services provided by greening with regard to microclimate and thermal comfort within an urban environment for several hours of the day. It adds knowledge about the role of green areas in a Mediterranean city, an important hot spot of climate change, and thus it can be a guide for important urban regeneration plans.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Leinonen ◽  
Jacopo Grazioli ◽  
Berne Alexis

Abstract. This paper presents a method named 3D-GAN, based on a generative adversarial network (GAN), to retrieve the total mass, 3D structure and the internal mass distribution of snowflakes. The method uses as input a triplet of binary silhouettes of particles, corresponding to the triplet of stereoscopic images of snowflakes in free fall captured by a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC). 3D-GAN is trained on simulated snowflakes of known characteristics whose silhouettes are statistically similar to real MASC observations and it is evaluated by means of snowflake replicas printed in 3D at 1 : 1 scale. The estimation of mass obtained by 3D-GAN has a normalized RMSE (NRMSE) of 40 %, a mean normalized bias (MNB) of 8 % and largely outperforms standard relationships based on maximum size and compactness. The volume of the convex hull of the particles is retrieved with MNRSE of 35 % and MNB of +19 %. In order to illustrate the potential of 3D-GAN to study snowfall microphysics and highlight its complementarity with existing retrieval algorithms, some application examples and ideas are provided, using as showcases the large available datasets of MASC images collected worldwide during various field campaigns. The combination of mass estimates (from 3D-GAN) and hydrometeor classification or riming degree estimation (from independent methods) allows for example to obtain mass-to-size power law parameters stratified on hydrometeor type or riming degree. The parameters obtained in this way are consistent with previous findings, with exponents overall around 2 and increasing with the degree of riming.


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