In 70 years how did the New China eliminate extreme poverty?

China is noted for remarkable reductions in rural poverty and aims to eliminate it by 2020. Achieving this outcome requires identification of the remaining poor population and a strategy that effectively addresses the causes of their poverty. This article explores the ways in which China has converted itself from the poorest country in the world in 1949 to a country in which extreme poverty is on the verge of disappearance. It examines the roles of economic growth and a a targeted combination of traditional development-oriented policy for poverty counties, villages and regions with wider minimum life guarantees and welfare services. The conclusions draw on a 2017 survey of 4,626 rural households and 13,689 individuals in 628 counties to point to some of the characteristics of the contemporary rural population.

Grouping of Districts Based on Poverty Factors in Papua Province Uses The K-Medoids Algorithm

Poverty is an essential issue for every country, including Indonesia. Poverty can be caused by the scarcity of basic necessities or the difficulty of accessing education and employment. In 2019 Papua Province became the province with the highest poverty percentage at 27.53%. Seeing this, the district groupings formed in describing poverty conditions in Papua Province are based on similar characteristics using the variables Percentage of Poor Population, Gross Regional Domestic Product, Open Unemployment Rate, Life Expectancy, Literacy Rate, and Population Working in the Agricultural Sector using K-medoids clustering algorithm. The results of this study indicate that the optimal number of clusters to describe poverty conditions in Papua Province is 4 clusters with a variance of 0.012, where the first cluster consists of 10 districts, the second cluster consists of 5 districts, the third cluster consists of 12 districts, and the fourth cluster consists of 2 districts.

TYC5594-576-1: R-PROCESS ENRICHMENT METAL-POOR STAR

Atmospheric parameters and elemental abundances of metal-poor Population II star TYC5594-576-1 ([Fe/H] = –2.8) have been studied, including the elements of neutron (n-) capture processes, as an important part of the enrichment sources of early Galaxy. Na, Mg, Al, Co, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Os, and Th abundances were determined using the synthetic spectrum method, taken into account the hyperfine structure (HFS) for the Ba II, La II and Eu II lines. The abundances of Si, Ca, Sc, N were determined based on the equivalent widths of their lines. The carbon abundance was obtained by the molecular synthesis fitting for the CH region of 4300-4330 ÅÅ. For the abundances determinations of C, Na, Mg, Al, Ba, and Th the NLTE corrections have been applied.We have determined the abundances of several n- capture elements for the first time and found that the behaviour of these elements abundances shows a significant trend with increasing atomic number. The elements ratios of [Eu/Fe] = 1.85, [Ba/Eu] = –1.24, [Sr/Ba] = –1.04 confirm the status of TYC5594-576-1 as a r-process enrichment star, with lower strontium [Sr/Fe] = –0.33 and higher thorium [Th/Fe] = 1.28 abundances. The obtained europium and thorium excesses testifies to the early enrichment of the Galaxy by the r-process elements as a result of the merger of neutron stars or black holes. The carbon abundance confirms the effect of canonical additional mixing in this star.

Supply of bread to Tobolsk Governorate by the merchants during the period of bad crops at the turn of 1860s– 1870s (On the example of the merchant V. D. Zharnikov)

The subject of this research is the supply of bread to Tobolsk Governorate by merchants during the period of bad crops at the turn of 1860s–1870s. The article is based on the principles of historicism, integrity, objectivity, and comprehensiveness; general scientific and traditional methods, such as systemic, historical-comparative, problem-historical. The scientific novelty lies in introduction of the new unpublished archival documents reflecting the role of merchantry in supplying bread to the region during bad crops. The source base is comprised of archival documents of the State Budget Archive of the Tyumen Region in Tobolsk. The statistical and clerical sources, as well as periodicals are also used in the article. The author is first to thoroughly examine the role of the merchant V. D. Zharnikov, who offered the provincial authorities to sell bread to the population at a lower price. Namely his initiative allowed the poor population to purchase bread at affordable prices during the period of bad crops, which mostly affected the residents of northern Tobolsk Governorate. Timely delivery of flour by inland transport to the north of the region has played a significant role. This prevented the rise in bread prices and its shortage. The initiative Vasily Dmitrievich Zharnikov to purchase, deliver and sell bread to northern Tobolsk Governorate at affordable made a crucial difference for the region.

Working pensioners in Russia and the region: Trends and problems

The article presents the statistics and the results of the sociological study conducted in Saratov, reveals the main trends and problems of working pensioners and shows their dynamics in Russia and Saratov region. It is shown that Saratov region can be attributed to the zone of demographic disaster, since the share of older people in the region reaches 28.2%, including working pensioners – 14% (every third pensionerMuscovite, every fourth pensioner-Russian). The annual indexation of pensions does not fully compensate the growth of prices. As a result, the pensioners make up almost a third of the poor population and are forced to earn extra money or continue to work. However, 49% of working pensioners cannot imagine themselves without work, which serves as a source of self-realization of their existing potential and brings satisfaction. The features of their lifestyle in the context of the prosperous old age model and effective problems of maintaining vitality are presented.

Poverty Diagnostics in the Philippines: Assessing Impacts of Programs through Generalised Linear Models (GLMs)

<p>The Philippines is a country where a quarter to one-third of the population is poor. Although the nation has managed to lower poverty incidence in some years, its booming population increases the poor population dramatically. This is why alleviating poverty is a pinnacle program in the country. In aid of poverty alleviation endeavor, this study focuses on assessing which programs had been effective in alleviating poverty given other family characteristics. Aside from descriptive methods, employing Generalised Linear Models (GLMs) and categorical data analysis are the focus in analysing the effects of existing intervention programs on status of improvement and income of families. In addition, varying effects of programs depending on values of other covariates are also analysed. Descriptive analysis and modeling are applied on the panel data of families. Intervention programs namely scholarship, Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) and government housing or other housing financing program (GHFP) have been run together with other family characteristics to describe improvement in welfare and income. Interaction effects, between access to intervention programs and other aspects of the family, have been derived to give a richer picture of the phenomenon. The study has come to conclude that the programs are indeed effective in improving lives of families, with some effects varying on some levels of other explanatory variables.</p>

Poverty Diagnostics in the Philippines: Assessing Impacts of Programs through Generalised Linear Models (GLMs)

<p>The Philippines is a country where a quarter to one-third of the population is poor. Although the nation has managed to lower poverty incidence in some years, its booming population increases the poor population dramatically. This is why alleviating poverty is a pinnacle program in the country. In aid of poverty alleviation endeavor, this study focuses on assessing which programs had been effective in alleviating poverty given other family characteristics. Aside from descriptive methods, employing Generalised Linear Models (GLMs) and categorical data analysis are the focus in analysing the effects of existing intervention programs on status of improvement and income of families. In addition, varying effects of programs depending on values of other covariates are also analysed. Descriptive analysis and modeling are applied on the panel data of families. Intervention programs namely scholarship, Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) and government housing or other housing financing program (GHFP) have been run together with other family characteristics to describe improvement in welfare and income. Interaction effects, between access to intervention programs and other aspects of the family, have been derived to give a richer picture of the phenomenon. The study has come to conclude that the programs are indeed effective in improving lives of families, with some effects varying on some levels of other explanatory variables.</p>

MANAGING THE POPULATION ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM OF SOKET LAOK VILLAGE, BANGKALAN, MADURA

Background: Unorganized population administration information system is the major problem in village administrations, including in Soket Laok Village, Bangkalan Regency. This unorganized system has impact on poor population and village economic potential data. This evidence becomes a major obstacle to improve community welfare and creates a significant setback in attempt to distribute any kind of assistance from the higher government. Therefore, it is necessary to organize a population administration system based on simple information technology and to improve the skills of village officials in fixing the population administration system. Purpose: To manage the village population administration system using simple information technology and to improve the skills of village officials in handling the population administration system. Methods: the method used in this program was a simple application of a population administration system based on Memento's digital app, which became the main focus in subsequent training session. The training was conducted in a form of webinars through the Zoom app and simple tutorials via YouTube. Results: the result of this activity is the availability of a population data collection system using the Memento application, a simple application that can be operated by village officials with a smartphone without an internet network in accordance with the conditions of Soket Laok Village which has not been evenly reached by the internet network. Another result is the increased skills of village officials in collecting population data using the Memento application. Conclusion: In this activity, village officials can have the skills to manage the village population administration system.

Luminosity functions of globular clusters in five nearby spiral galaxies using HST/ACS images

We here present the luminosity function (LF) of globular clusters (GCs) in five nearby spiral galaxies using the samples of GC candidates selected in Hubble Space Telescope mosaic images in F435W, F555W and F814W filters. Our search, which surpasses the fractional area covered by all previous searches in these galaxies, has resulted in the detection of 158 GC candidates in M81, 1123 in M101, 226 in NGC 4258, 293 in M51 and 173 in NGC 628. The LFs constructed from this dataset, after correcting for relatively small contamination from reddened young clusters, are lognormal in nature, which was hitherto established only for the Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda among spiral galaxies. The magnitude at the turn-over (TO) corresponds to MV0(TO)=-7.41±0.14 in four of the galaxies with Hubble types Sc or earlier, in excellent agreement with MV(TO) = −7.40 ± 0.10 for the MW. The TO magnitude is equivalent to a mass of ∼3 × 105 M⊙ for an old, metal-poor population. MV0(TO) is fainter by ∼1.16 magnitude for the fifth galaxy, M 101, which is of Hubble type Scd. The TO dependence on Hubble type implies that the GCs in early-type spirals are classical GCs, which have a universal TO, whereas the GC population in late-type galaxies is dominated by old disk clusters, which are in general less massive. The radial density distribution of GCs in our sample galaxies follows the Sérsic function with exponential power-law indices, and effective radii of 4.0–9.5 kpc. GCs in the sample galaxies have a mean specific frequency of 1.10 ± 0.24, after correcting for magnitude and radial incompleteness factors