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Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1504
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Czerwiński ◽  
Tomasz Rydzkowski ◽  
Jolanta Wróblewska-Krepsztul ◽  
Vijay Kumar Thakur

In this article, we report in detail the use of protective gases to extend the shelf-life of polymer-film-packed foodstuff and reduce the most typical bacteria and microorganisms that negatively affect the quality and lifetime of a given packaging. This article provides significant information about the most important advantages of using protective gases and examples of gases or gas mixtures which can be used for almost every kind of foodstuff depending on the application. We also discuss how protective gases change the level of microorganisms in food using gases and how the shelf-life of food can be enhanced using correct gases or gas mixtures. The article also provides imperative information on the selection of correct protective gases for specific applications, especially for food production, to preserve against the most typical threats which can appear during the packaging or production process. Packaging innovations can reduce the environmental impact of food and polymer packaging waste by prolonging products’ shelf-lives and by reducing waste along the production and distribution chain and at the household level.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
J.E. Sutanto ◽  
Natalia Yuwono ◽  
Damelina Basauli Tambunan

Surabaya merupakan rangking tertinggi ketidakberhasilan penanganan Covid-19. Oleh sebab itu kesiapan Pemkot Kota Surabaya melakukan terobosan-terobosan dalam menemukan, menangani dan membatasi terjadinya mata rantai penyebaran COVID-19. Tahapan atau langkah untuk menghadapi COVID-19 yaitu: adanya usaha promotif, preventif, kuratif dan rehabilitatif. Sebagai pusat informasi terkait penanganan atau pemantauan protokol kesehatan, gugus tugas, gerak cepat mengatasi  COVID-19 Surabaya dalam hal ini Pemerintah Kota Surabaya sudah  memberikan fasilitas laman website bagi warga atau masyarakat Kota Surabaya, sehingga upaya promotif merupakan cara penanganan yang efektif. Berdasarkan pengalaman 3 bulan terakhir, diperlukan adanya peningkatan peranan Gugus Tugas, mengingat sampai saat ini belum ada tanda-tanda kapan berakhirnya pandemi COVID-19 tersebut, sehingga Gugus Tugas Kampung Tangguh RW 03, Kelurahan Putat Jaya, merencanakan penyiapan tenaga baru, memberikan pelatihan manajemen kerja kelompok/ shift, menambah peralatan baru. Kerjasama antara warga atau masyarakat di Kelurahan Putat Jaya, dengan Universitas Ciputra Surabaya, menjadi bagian dari kegiatan Tridharma Perguruan Tinggi.Kata Kunci: covid-19, gugus tugas, masyarakat, kelompok, nihil.Increasing the Role of the Task Force on Handling Covid 19, Putat Jaya Urban Village, Surabaya CityABSTRACTSurabaya is the highest ranking of the unsuccessful handling of COVID 19. Therefore, the readiness of the City Government of Surabaya to make breakthroughs in finding, dealing with and limiting the distribution chain COVID-19. The stages or steps to deal with COVID-19 are promotion, prevention, curative and rehabilitative efforts. As an information center related to the handling or monitoring of health protocols, a task force, to move quickly to overcome COVID-19 in Surabaya, in this case the Surabaya City Government has provided website facilities for residents or residents of the City of Surabaya, so that promotional efforts are an effective way of handling. Based on the experience of the last 3 months, it is necessary to increase the role of the Task Force, considering that until now there has been no sign of the end of the COVID-19 epidemic, so the Task Force for Kampung Tangguh RW 03, Putat Jaya Village, is planning to prepare new personnel, adding equipment. new health protocols. The collaboration between residents or the community in Putat Jaya Village, with Universitas Ciputra Surabaya, is part of the Tridharma Perguruan Tinggi activity.Key Words: covid-19, task force, society, group, zero.


2021 ◽  
Vol LXII (2) ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Georgi Aleksiev ◽  

The production potential of Bulgarian beekeeping has changed dynamically over the last ten years. The transformation of the sector leads to its sustainable development but at the same time creates several problems for the realization of Bulgarian bee products at an adequate market price. The aim of the present study is to investigate the dynamics of the processing and marketing of Bulgarian apiculture products. In order to achieve this goal the following tasks need to be solved: to analyze the possibilities for realization of the Bulgarian bee products, and the analysis also focuses on the sustainability of the processing and distribution chain of these products. Methods used are analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, statistical processing of information, etc..


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozenn Perrigot

PurposeThis paper, using a case study on Jibu, a water distribution chain that distributes bottled water in Africa, aims to underline the importance of social relationships and communication within franchise chains operating in the social sector in developing countries and their contribution to the clarification of the concept of social franchising.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on a case study of Jibu, a water distribution chain composed of 122 franchised units and 2,100 independent retailers. The primary data were gathered through an analysis of in-depth interviews with 67 people (Jibu co-founder, headquarters staff, franchisees, micro-franchisees and customers) in Uganda and Rwanda.FindingsThe findings showed that the extent and richness of social relationships and communication existing within the Jibu chain are not limited to top-down and build a feeling of belonging to a family. These social relationships and communication are key characteristics of social franchising.Practical implicationsThis research can assist franchise experts, franchisors and franchisees to better assess the importance of social relationships and communication in social franchise chains in developing countries and help national and local governments better understand how franchising works in the social sector.Social implicationsFranchising is not limited to hotels, restaurants and retail businesses. Franchising can be applied to businesses that have social goals, in addition to profit goals. For example, the Jibu franchise is a relevant and efficient solution to providing the African people with access to drinking water at an affordable resale price. This paper, thus, contributes to increasing the awareness of this franchising phenomenon in social sectors in developing countries and in Africa, in particular.Originality/valueAccess to drinking water is an important issue in many developing countries, above all in African countries. Franchised water services are an innovation in terms of a business model in developing countries with micro-treatment plants run by franchisees and small units run by micro-franchisees or retailers, both franchisees and micro-franchisees being local entrepreneurs.


Author(s):  
Giorgio Gnecco ◽  
Fabio Pammolli ◽  
Berna Tuncay

AbstractThis paper is about the application of optimization methods to the analysis of three pricing schemes adopted by one manufacturer in a two-country model of production and trade. The analysis focuses on pricing schemes—one uniform pricing scheme, and two differential pricing schemes—for which there is no competition coming from the so-called parallel trade. This term denotes the practice of buying a patented product like a medicine in one market at one price, then re-selling it in a second so-called gray market at a higher price, on a parallel distribution chain where it competes with the official distribution chain. The adoption of pricing schemes under which parallel trade does not arise can prevent the occurrence of its well-documented negative effects. In the work, a comparison of the optimal solutions to the optimization problems modeling the three pricing schemes is performed. More specifically, conditions are found under which the two differential pricing schemes are more desirable from several points of view (e.g., incentive for the manufacturer to do Research and Development, product accessibility, global welfare) than the uniform pricing scheme. In particular, we prove that, compared to the uniform pricing scheme, the two differential pricing schemes increase the incentive for the manufacturer to invest in Research and Development. We also prove that they serve both countries under a larger range of values for the relative market size, making the product more accessible to consumers in the lower price country. Moreover, we provide a sufficient condition under which price discrimination is more efficient from a global welfare perspective than uniform pricing. The analysis applies in particular to the case of the European Single Market for medicines. Compared to other studies, our work takes into account also the possible presence in all the optimization problems of a positive constant marginal cost of production, showing that it can have non-negligible effects on the results of the analysis. As an important contribution, indeed, our analysis clarifies the conditions—which have been overlooked in the literature about the mechanisms adopted to prevent parallel trade occurrence—that allow/do not allow one to neglect the presence of this factor. Such conditions are related, e.g., to the comparison between the positive constant marginal cost of production, the parallel trade cost per-unit, and the maximal price that can be effectively charged to the consumers in the lower price country.


Author(s):  
Ariel Ezrachi

‘Horizontal and vertical agreements’ explores the application of US and EU competition laws to horizontal and vertical agreements. Horizontal collaborations and agreements take place between companies at the same level of manufacturing, distribution, or retail. A horizontal cooperation agreement may include restrictions on companies’ freedom to compete on their operation, or may include provisions which facilitate exchange of sensitive information. It is worth considering information exchange agreements. Meanwhile, vertical agreements are agreements between companies operating at different levels of the production or distribution chain. Exclusive distribution agreements and most-favoured-nation clauses (MFN) illustrate the possible anti-competitive effects of vertical agreements.


2021 ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
V. O. Oramunwa ◽  
H. O. Agu ◽  
F. C. Ogbo

Vegetables are highly perishable commodities that easily get spoilt or deteriorate during handling along the supply chain from the producer to the final consumer. This study aims to compare the microbiological efficacy of hessian bags and non hessian bags on leafy vegetables (Telfairia occidentalis) Ugu and (Ocimum gratissimum) Nchuanwu leaves using hessian bags and non-hessian bagsduring distribution. Standard procedures on microbial count, isolationof microorganisms, purification of microbial isolates, biochemical identification of isolateswasused to identify the microorganisms present. The microbial load of the leafy vegetables from farmland to consumer increased progressively along the distribution chain. Staphylococcus species were the predominant bacteria in the leafy vegetables from the farmland. Other bacteria found were Pseudomonas, Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia coli and fungi Penicillium spp, Aspergillus niger, Rhodotorula spp, Fusarium spp, Mucor spp. The study showed that the microbial contents of the vegetables increased across the distribution line from farmland to consumer irrespective of the use of hessian bags.


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