costing analysis
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2021 ◽  
pp. 2100070
Author(s):  
Priyanka Kajal ◽  
Bhupesh Verma ◽  
Satya Gangadhara Rao Vadaga ◽  
Satvasheel Powar

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthi Vasantharoopan ◽  
Hendramoorthy Maheswaran ◽  
Victoria Simms ◽  
Chido Dziva Chikwari ◽  
Tariro Chigwenah ◽  
...  

Abstract Background By testing children and adolescents of HIV positive caretakers, index-linked HIV testing, a targeted HIV testing strategy, has the ability to identify high risk children and adolescents earlier and more efficiently, compared to blanket testing. We evaluated the incremental cost of integrating index-linked HIV testing via three modalities into HIV services in Zimbabwe. Methods A mixture of bottom-up and top-down costing was employed to estimate the provider cost per test and per HIV diagnosis for 2–18 year olds, through standard of care testing, and the incremental cost of index-linked HIV testing via three modalities: facility-based testing, home-based testing by a healthcare worker, and testing at home by the caregiver using an oral mucosal transudate test. In addition to interviews, direct observation and study process data, facility registries were abstracted to extract outcome data and resource use. Costs were converted to 2019 constant US$. Results The average cost per standard of care test in urban facilities was US$5.91 and US$7.15 at the rural facility. Incremental cost of an index-linked HIV test was driven by the uptake and number of participants tested. The lowest cost approach in the urban setting was home-based testing (US$6.69) and facility-based testing at the rural clinic (US$5.36). Testing by caregivers was almost always the most expensive option (rural US$62.49, urban US$17.49). Conclusions This is the first costing analysis of index-linked HIV testing strategies. Unit costs varied across sites and with uptake. When scaling up, alternative testing solutions that increase efficiency such as index-linked HIV testing of the entire household, as opposed to solely targeting children/adolescents, need to be explored.


2021 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 103203
Author(s):  
Anna Palmer ◽  
Timothy Papaluca ◽  
Mark Stoové ◽  
Rebecca Winter ◽  
Alisa Pedrana ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 3335-3344
Author(s):  
Denise de Fátima Barros Cavalcante ◽  
Antonio Carlos Pereira ◽  
Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti ◽  
Livia Fernandes Probst ◽  
Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano

Abstract This study aimed to estimate cost and compatibility with public financial incentives of two technologies for treating the edentulous mandible: lower complete dentures (CD) and overdentures retained by two dental implants (OD). This study consisted of a partial economic evaluation, with a micro-costing bottom-up approach for the calculation of direct costs. The estimates involved the number of consultations, proportion of materials, equipment, instruments’ lifetime, and human resources, described in the price panel website of the Ministry of Economy in Brazil. Complementary information was obtained from a panel of experts. A sensitivity analysis was based on 20% variation. The estimated cost of a CD was R$ 189.89 (base scenario), and this varied between R$ 151.91 and R$ 227.89 according to sensibility analysis. The cost of an OD was R$ 663.05 (ranging from R$ 795.66 to R$ 530.44 - 1US=R$ 3.80/July 2019). The Ministry of Health covers appropriately the costs of the CD and OD. Both technologies showed costs that are within the limits of financial public incentives obtained by municipalities. The technologies are economically viable and should be induced through public policies due to their positive impacts on several functional domains of health.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar M. Sharif

The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) under the directive of the U.S. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 1-37A, is the latest development in the concept and theories for the analysis and design of new pavements and of overlays for the existing pavements. While MEPDG is waiting for its full-scale implementation and to replace the traditional pavement design methods, it is desirable to make use of the performance prediction capacity of the MEPDG for accurate life-cycle costing analysis. The objective of this study is to review the state of the art and state of the practices for LCC and the new MEPDG methodology for flexible pavement design/preservation, and explore a framework for the integration of LCC into the new MEPDG, which would help the pavement agencies to evaluate the most economic (cost-effective) flexible pavement design for a new roadway section and overlay design for an existing flexible pavement as well as the preservation (maintenance and rehabilitation) time/strategy based on MEPDG methodology.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar M. Sharif

The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) under the directive of the U.S. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 1-37A, is the latest development in the concept and theories for the analysis and design of new pavements and of overlays for the existing pavements. While MEPDG is waiting for its full-scale implementation and to replace the traditional pavement design methods, it is desirable to make use of the performance prediction capacity of the MEPDG for accurate life-cycle costing analysis. The objective of this study is to review the state of the art and state of the practices for LCC and the new MEPDG methodology for flexible pavement design/preservation, and explore a framework for the integration of LCC into the new MEPDG, which would help the pavement agencies to evaluate the most economic (cost-effective) flexible pavement design for a new roadway section and overlay design for an existing flexible pavement as well as the preservation (maintenance and rehabilitation) time/strategy based on MEPDG methodology.


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