Performance evaluation of LoRa based sensor node and gateway architecture for oil pipeline management

These days, the oil industrial industry is leaning toward employing smart field improvements to streamline various activities in the midstream area. Oil transportation over large distances via pipelines has a cheap cost and high efficiency in this sector. If pipelines are not properly maintained, they may fail, potentially causing catastrophic, long-term, and irreversible consequences on both natural and human conditions. Low power wide area networks (LPWANs) are without a doubt one of the domains that cause the most from industrial fields when it comes to realizing the vision of the internet of things (IoT). Long-range (LoRa) is an emerging LPWAN technology that is particularly useful for transmitting data over long distances. The goal of this work is to offer a methodology for managing oil pipelines over long distances utilizing the LoRa communication protocol and the installation of sensor nodes and LoRa gateways along the pipeline. We also used the optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) simulator to examine various simulation findings of LoRa performance.

ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN ALAT ANGKUT TBS DI PT. BERAU KARETINDO LESTARI KECAMATAN SEGAH KABUPATEN BERAU PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR

This research is motivated by the processing of palm oil, transportation factors get special attention.The transportation of palm fruit from the garden to the factory should be as fast as possible so that thefruit harvested today can be processed directly so that free fatty acids are not high. Extensive oil palmplantations and garden conditions far from the factory, it will be more difficult to regulate the entry ofFresh Fruit Bunches (TBS) to the Palm Oil Factory (PKS), so that the company must have a goodmanagement system that can run effectively and efficiently so that it needs proper transportation forperushan so that it can transport all tbs harvested by minimizing time, cost and maintain the quality ofTBS.From the description above, the formula that can be formulated in this study is to know the time oftransportation, the needs of transport equipment and what obstacles are encountered at the time of TBStransportation. While the limitations of the problem there is tbs transport research contained in fadelingBrafo, Alfah and Delta with different distances (near, medium and farthest). The purpose of this researchis to know the process of planning the needs of TBS conveyances, as well as knowing the obstacleswhen transporting TBS.The results of research conducted at PT. Berau Karetindo Lestari shows that tbs transportationplanning includes the production of TBS per day, TBS transport time, availability of conveyance,transportation needs and constraints in transportation. In Bravo afdeling requires 2 units of tarktor, forafdeling Alfah 4 units taktor, and afdeling Delta requires 3 units of tractor. As for the needs of the truckon Loading ramp 1 as many as 10 units and Loading ramp 2 to 8 units. This is obtained after calculatingthe number of transport equipment needs to transport TBS every day. For the overall needs of thecompany, tractors are needed as many as 17 and DT as many as 18 units. As for the obstacles at thetime of tbs transportation, namely, the road conditions in TPH are not good and the distance of thefactory is so far that it takes so much time to get to the factory.

Historical aspects of transportation of oil cargo during the Great Patriotic War

Economic development cannot be imagined without oil and petroleum products. The rhythmic and efficient operation of industrial enterprises and other sectors of the national economy depends on uninterrupted supplies, therefore, logistics transport schemes for the delivery of petroleum products are very important. Such types of transportation are well studied in the modern period, but until now no one has considered them in wartime. An attempt is made to analyze the variety of delivery schemes and their diversification during the war with the aim of applying the experience in peacetime.The experience of organizing the transportation of oil cargo during military events is considered, the historical aspects of the use of unique schemes for the delivery of oil cargo are disclosed. The study of schemes for the transportation of oil cargo in transport and logistics systems in the historical context gives an idea of the uniqueness of individual delivery methods. Thanks to the feat of the oilmen and sailors, the supply of the front through the Caspian Sea Baku — Krasnovodsk and Baku — Astrakhan was established. From the very first days of the Great Patriotic War, oil Baku has been supplying the front with oil and oil products without interruption.The study of historical facts shows that the schemes for the transportation of oil cargo have always been aimed at the maximum interaction of modes of transport and the use of their technical advantages. The possibility of using modern transport and technological systems for oil transportation, which have been developed by expanding the development of logistics tools and principles of logistics, is given.

Comparison of pour point depressant (PPD) ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and nano-montmorillonite

One of the problems with oil production is stuck of oil transportation flow in the pipeline caused by wax deposits. The high wax content in crude oil causes the oil viscosity value to increase so that crude oil has High Pour Point Oil (HPPO) properties. In this research, using crude oil sample with initial pour point of 31oC and viscosity of 556 cP. This samples are classified as heavy oil. Therefore, this sample is suitable for use as an experiment in this research. There are several methods to deal with HPPO. One chemical method used to overcome this problem is adding Pour Point Depressant (PPD) to crude oil. This PPD functions to decrease pour point value by binding wax crystals in crude oil. In this study, two types of PPD were compared, Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) and Nano-Montmorillonite (Nano-MMT). Both can reduce the pour point value on crude oil, but PPD EVA shows a more excellent reduction than nano-MMT. The results show that EVA is better at binding crystals than nano-MMT. After the injection of 400 ppm EVA, the pour point value of crude oil could be decreased up to 24oC, and the viscosity also decreased by 185 cP.

Influence of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Formation of Voids in Gelled Crude Oil

Production of waxy crude oil from offshore fields has increased in the last decade. However, the operation is being challenged with the high wax content of crude oil that tends to precipitate at lower temperature. This paper presents the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the voids formed in waxy crude oil gel. A flow loop rig that simulates offshore waxy crude oil transportation was used to produce the gel. A Magnetic Resonance Imaging of 3-Tesla system was used to scan the gelled samples in horizontal and vertical pipes. The hydrostatic pressure effect was found to be most significant near the pipe wall as a change in percent voids volume of 0.53% was observed at that region. In particular, the voids volume reduction was more pronounced in the lower half side of the pipe. The total volume of voids in the vertical pipe was lower than that in the horizontal pipe, and this suggests that the gel in the vertical pipe became denser due to the effects from the hydrostatic pressure. Conversely, the voids volume around the pipe core in the vertical pipe was higher when compared to that in the horizontal pipe. The change in voids volume near the pipe core and wall shrunk to a minimum and converged to 0.18% voids volume at larger duration of the hydrostatic effect. Further, hydrostatic pressure was observed to have significant influences for higher duration making the void size to be distributed across and along the pipeline; however, it was found to have insignificant effects on voids size distribution for smaller duration. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of voids formation in vertical pipelines that would further assist in developing a model predicting restart pressure accurately.

Multiphase Flow Simulation of Subsea Pipeline Leakage Detected by Acoustic Emission Method

Subsea pipelines are the heart of the oil transportation system. Oil leakages from subsea pipelines is one of the principal risks associated with oil transportation. An experimental test rig was designed to identify a range of scenarios that could cause leakage, and consequently marine pollution. The Acoustic Emission (AE) technique was employed to sense the flow behaviour inside the pipeline through quantifying and analysing key parameters, such as; energy, amplitude, and the counts number. Although, the size and location of the oil leakage were acquired experimentally utilising highly sensitive acoustic sensors. Two series of numerical simulations utilising Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) – Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model, were performed to accurately predict the rate of the oil spill and the corresponding trajectory to the free-surface at Reynolds number Re range from 0.3702 × 103 to Re 9.775 × 103 for flow inside pipeline. The computed results showed good agreement with the experimental data. The results demonstrated that the current experimental measurements analysis could determine the leakage location and the leakage hole capacity, then the numerical calculations could predict the leaked oil volume and the leaked oil route to prevent oil diffusion and mitigate its harmful impact. The findings of this work is a step forward for preventing and controlling oil pollution to protect the marine environment.