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Viruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Gowri Yale ◽  
Marwin Lopes ◽  
Shrikrishna Isloor ◽  
Jennifer R. Head ◽  
Stella Mazeri ◽  
...  

Oral rabies vaccines (ORVs) have been in use to successfully control rabies in wildlife since 1978 across Europe and the USA. This review focuses on the potential and need for the use of ORVs in free-roaming dogs to control dog-transmitted rabies in India. Iterative work to improve ORVs over the past four decades has resulted in vaccines that have high safety profiles whilst generating a consistent protective immune response to the rabies virus. The available evidence for safety and efficacy of modern ORVs in dogs and the broad and outspoken support from prominent global public health institutions for their use provides confidence to national authorities considering their use in rabies-endemic regions. India is estimated to have the largest rabies burden of any country and, whilst considerable progress has been made to increase access to human rabies prophylaxis, examples of high-output mass dog vaccination campaigns to eliminate the virus at the source remain limited. Efficiently accessing a large proportion of the dog population through parenteral methods is a considerable challenge due to the large, evasive stray dog population in many settings. Existing parenteral approaches require large skilled dog-catching teams to reach these dogs, which present financial, operational and logistical limitations to achieve 70% dog vaccination coverage in urban settings in a short duration. ORV presents the potential to accelerate the development of approaches to eliminate rabies across large areas of the South Asia region. Here we review the use of ORVs in wildlife and dogs, with specific consideration of the India setting. We also present the results of a risk analysis for a hypothetical campaign using ORV for the vaccination of dogs in an Indian state.


Healthcare ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
María de los Ángeles Merino-Godoy ◽  
Emilia Moreno-Sánchez ◽  
Francisco-Javier Gago-Valiente ◽  
Emília Isabel Costa ◽  
Jesús Sáez-Padilla

Educational institutions and their agents play a fundamental role in improving people’s health literacy and quality of life. We intend here to describe and justify an educational resource embodied in an application for mobile devices developed through a subsidized project by the Ministry of Health (Government of Andalusia); the purpose of this app is to educate young people in healthy habits. The application was designed to be easily used in both smartphones and tablets with the aim of achieving good physical, psychological and social health. The project comprises several phases and the results we have so far show that, from an early age, health institutions and educational settings must work in partnership, increasing health literacy levels. This cooperative work combined with the use of this innovative approach presents an important potential for change in the lifestyles of younger generations. This type of intervention took on a special role in the pandemic context, allowing for the maintenance of the educational stimulus in a safe context.


2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
June Alisson Westarb Cruz ◽  
Maria Alexandra Viegas Cortez da Cunha ◽  
Thyago Proença de Moraes ◽  
Sandro Marques ◽  
Felipe Francisco Tuon ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Health care is a complex economic and social system, which combines market elements and public and social interest. This combination in Brazil, like systems in China and United States of America, is operationalized through the public and private system. The sector represents approximately 9% of the country’s GDP, of which 56% is privately sourced and 44% is of public origin. In the private sector includes a structure with 711 private health institutions, 47 million beneficiaries and revenues of US$30 billion a year. Methods Therefore, this research describes and analyzes the complementarity of Private Health before the Brazilian Unified Health System, highlighting its main characteristics, scenarios, and trends in the face of the health system and the Brazilian market. This descriptive and exploratory research uses secondary data from various sources, submitted to quantitative data analysis methods. The object of the research is the history of private health in Brazil and its main actors. Results The data are organized into three groups, each with its approach of collection and analysis. Thus, it is perceived as the notorious growth of large operators, to the detriment of operators with a lower concentration of beneficiaries; the increasing concentration of the market through mergers and acquisitions promoted by large publicly traded corporations, especially in regions with a lower rate of private health coverage; and the growth of the sector through business plans, whose central characteristic is the dependence on the country’s employability rate. Conclusions It is possible to perceive an intense trend of concentration of Brazilian private health in large institutions that have capitalized and have a great appetite for growth through mergers and acquisitions, whether from smaller operators or health institutions that integrate their health networks, following complementary health models already consolidated in countries such as China, and the United States of America, among others. This concentration projects a market with fewer options and competitiveness, reduction in transaction costs and increase the operational effectiveness of health care.


2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman ◽  
Sara E. Gorman ◽  
William Sandy ◽  
Nellie Gregorian ◽  
David A. Scales

Reluctance to accept vaccination against COVID-19 poses a significant public health risk and is known to be a multi-determined phenomenon. We conducted online focus groups, or “bulletin boards,” in order to probe the nature of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its implications. Participants were 94 individuals from three distinct U.S. geographical areas and represented a range of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Six themes emerged from the 3 day-long bulletin boards: the most trusted source of health information sought is the personal physician; information about health is nevertheless obtained from a wide variety of sources; stories about adverse side effects are especially “sticky”; government health institutions like CDC and FDA are not trusted; most respondents engaged in individualistic reasoning; and there is a wide spectrum of attitudes toward vaccination.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Sreya Paudyal ◽  
Sailaja Ghimire ◽  
Yudhisthir Raj Khadka ◽  
Manoj Dhungana

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare providers (HCPs) though stood as front-liners during the crisis situation were not themselves immune to the psychological consequences due to COVID-19. The present study aimed to find the prevalence of perceived stress on COVID-19 pandemic and its associated factors among health care providers in Rupandehi district health institutions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This  cross- sectional study was conducted among the HCPs in the institutions of Rupandehi district in Western  Nepal, from August to November, 2020. Total 126 subjects were included and probability sampling technique was applied for sample collection. After written consent from participants socio-demographic data were collected and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was applied. RESULTS: The study showed the prevalence of perceived stress in COVID-19 HCPs found to be 65.1% considering score 20 as cut-off. Age, work place, precaution measures taken and staying with family were statistically significant with the perceived stress level (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression showed perceived stress level had statistically significant association with precaution means and work place of HCPs. Healthcare providers who had unsatisfactory precaution means followed at work were 2.66 times more likely to have perceived stress as compared to satisfactory precaution means as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.66 (1.09-6.51). Healthcare providers who stayed with family members were 2.28 times more likely to have perceived stress level as AOR=2.28 (0.94-5.52). CONCLUSION: The study showed increased prevalence of perceived stress among HCPs during the initial stage of COVID‐19 pandemic in Nepal. Considering the findings, there is urgent need to develop and implement appropriate stress management and coping strategies to the target group.


Author(s):  
Javier García-Martínez

Definitions are narratives in action, implying a need to track down the ontology of what is defined. Inthis case, we explore the mutual tension and/or symbiosis (with consonant and dissonant spaces)arising from the definition of depression. We approach the term ‘depression’ as a controversialsubject, mapping a comparison between lay and expert narratives on the malaise, and makinguse of digital ethnography as the methodology. A self-administered online open questionnaire wascompleted with the definitions of 29 lay respondents. In addition, expert narratives were gatheredwith the definitions of 9 health institutions’ web sites, and public mediation forums. Definitionsechoed from both spaces, with splits between biological materiality and psychological-socialimmateriality, with a reiteration of the division between exogeneity and endogeneity, respectively.Here, the emotiveness of the subject can be seen as stemming from the sum of reductionismsand cumulative factors as to what depression is. Finally, we consider other possible ontologiesof depression that either: (1) take socio-material assemblies into account or (2) follow thepragmatical turn, defining depression in action. This research opens new approaches towardsidentifying external materialities, shifting the blame from the diagnosis of the individual towardsthe mechanisms that spawn harmful relationships.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
O.C. Adekunle ◽  
A. Mustapha ◽  
G. Odewale ◽  
R.O. Ojedele

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a frequent nosocomial pathogen that causes severe diseases in many clinical and community settings. The objectives were to investigate the occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistant P. aeruginosa strains among clinical samples and to detect the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in the DNA molecules of the strains.Methods: Clinical specimens were collected aseptically from various human anatomical sites in five selected health institutions within Kwara State, Nigeria. Multiple drug resistance patterns of isolated micro-organisms to different antibiotics were determined using the Bauer Kirby disc diffusion technique. The DNA samples of the multiple resistant P. aeruginosa strains were extracted and subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for resistance gene determination.Results: A total of 145 isolates were identified as P. aeruginosa from the clinical samples. Absolute resistance to ceftazidime, gentamicin and ceftriaxone was observed while low resistance to ciprofloxacin, piperacillin and imipenem was documented. The prevalence of bla VIM , ,bla CTX-M and blaTEM were 34.4 %, 46.7 % and 16.7 % respectively.Conclusion: This study has shown that there is a high occurrence of metallo â-lactamase- producing and antibiotic-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa in clinical specimens from the studied area. Keywords: Metallo â-lactamase enzyme, P. aeruginosa, clinical samples, antibiotic-resistance genes


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