Energy evaluation of clay firing process and combustion gases in an intermittent kiln

The recording of temperatures in different positions in the firing process in an intermittent kiln to produce ceramic materials is presented, which led to the energy evaluation, determining the heat used for the clay firing process and the heat losses. In addition, a study of the emissions of pollutant gases released into the environment was carried out, as stipulated in the protocol of control, and monitoring of stationary source. In the energy balance, large energy losses were detected in heat accumulation in the masonry of 7.20×106 KJ of the energy supplied, representing 16.99%, and in the kiln walls of 5.20×10 KJ, representing 12.17%. As a result, it is necessary to make constructive and operative changes in the operation of the kilns, which will lead to the recovery of residual heat in the use of drying of parts, drying, and preheating of combustion air, reducing energy consumption and emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. The average concentration of particulate matter released into the environment was 1056.60 mg/m3, 422% higher than the standard, affecting people’s health.

Kajian Performa Passive Residual Heat Removal System (PRHRS) pada System-Integrated Advanced Modular Reactor (SMART)

SMART (System-Integrated Advanced Modular Reactor) merupakan desain reaktor multifungsi Generasi III+ tipe SMR (Small Modular Reactor) yang dikembangkan oleh KAERI (Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute) dengan kapabilitas produksi listrik 107 MWe dan energi termal 365 MWt. Sistem SMART meliputi berbagai fitur keselamatan untuk mengatasi LOCA (Loss of Coolant Accident) dan skenario kecelakaan lainnya. Salah satu dari fitur tersebut adalah Passive Residual Heat Removal System (PRHRS) atau sistem pembuang sisa panas pasif yang bekerja tanpa membutuhkan sumber daya elektrik. Sistem ini bekerja sesuai dengan prinsip sirkulasi alam sehingga bergantung pada aspek termal, tekanan, dan pengaruhnya terhadap aliran massa. Ketiga aspek tersebut dapat mempengaruhi kapabilitas pembuangan panas pada sistem. Data performa PRHRS reaktor SMART pada beberapa kondisi kecelakaan yang diperoleh melalui studi eksperimental maupun simulasi termohidrolika dianalisis pada kajian ini. Hasil analisis menunjukkan unjuk kerja pembuangan sisa panas yang baik oleh PRHRS SMART dengan waktu aktuasi yang tepat dan pendinginan yang stabil. Dengan kapabilitas multifungsi dan kemampuan pendinginan yang baik pada berbagai skenario kecelakaan, SMART memiliki potensi tinggi untuk kelak diterapkan di Indonesia.

Development Of A Guideline For Integrating Municipal Infrastructure Asset Management With Wastewater Energy Recovery Systems

<div>Wastewater energy recovery systems (WWERS) cycle residual heat from sewers back into a space for temperature conditioning. Using recovered energy instead of fossil fuels is a sensible direction towards a circular economy. Existing literature, while rich in technical considerations, does not analyze the decision-making process related to the wastewater infrastructure changes. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to bridge this gap in the literature through the development of a planning guideline, targeted to municipal owners of wastewater infrastructure. The proposed planning guideline was then applied to the Regional Municipality of York, a two-tier municipality in Ontario, Canada as a case study. The case study demonstrated the efficacy of the guideline, using publicly available municipal data to discern feasibility of centralized WWERS. Results may aid municipalities or WWERS proponents in advancing to a more widespread use, as an effective first step in bridging academic literature with often-stated municipal goals of increased sustainability of infrastructure systems. </div>

Development Of A Guideline For Integrating Municipal Infrastructure Asset Management With Wastewater Energy Recovery Systems

<div>Wastewater energy recovery systems (WWERS) cycle residual heat from sewers back into a space for temperature conditioning. Using recovered energy instead of fossil fuels is a sensible direction towards a circular economy. Existing literature, while rich in technical considerations, does not analyze the decision-making process related to the wastewater infrastructure changes. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to bridge this gap in the literature through the development of a planning guideline, targeted to municipal owners of wastewater infrastructure. The proposed planning guideline was then applied to the Regional Municipality of York, a two-tier municipality in Ontario, Canada as a case study. The case study demonstrated the efficacy of the guideline, using publicly available municipal data to discern feasibility of centralized WWERS. Results may aid municipalities or WWERS proponents in advancing to a more widespread use, as an effective first step in bridging academic literature with often-stated municipal goals of increased sustainability of infrastructure systems. </div>

Kajian pembentukan peraturan mengenai sistem pendingin reaktor dan sistem terkait untuk reaktor berpendingin gas

IN 2021, BAPETEN, AS THE REGULATORY BODY, IS ESTABLISHING A BAPETEN REGULATION REGARDING THE REACTOR COOLANT SYSTEM AND RELATED SYSTEMS, WHICH CURRENTLY ARE NOT YET AVAILABLE. Therefore, it is crucial to establish the BAPETEN Regulation. Based on the reasons, before setting the BAPETEN Regulation, it is necessary to conduct a study that is expected to provide a more comprehensive description and provide recommendations on what things need to be regulated in the BAPETEN Regulation, especially for gas-cooled reactors. The method used in this study is a literature study from various relevant references. The result of this study is that it is essential to require a capacity of the ultimate heat sink, including the spent nuclear fuel storage pool and a minimum period of the ability of the top heat sink in the accident analysis if the decay heat in the storage pool and the residual heat in the reactor core fail simultaneously. On the other hand, it is also necessary to require a margin of uncertainty to evaluate a situation and take corrective action. Likewise, independent and redundant access to the ultimate heat sink is needed to increase reliability. As for gas-cooled reactors, it is required to adapt the terms used. In addition, it is necessary to determine the appropriate definition because some of the terms used in water-cooled reactors have the same terms as gas-cooled reactors but have different functions. Keywords: Regulatory assessment, coolant system, related systems, gas-cooled reactors

Thermal Stratification in a Pool with Submerged Heater Under Low Frequency Excitation

Thermal stratification has potential applications in the nuclear and solar industries. Thermal performance of passive residual heat removal systems and solar heaters is affected by the thermal stratification in a pool. Under the seismic condition, thermal stratification behavior of liquid in the pool has never been studied and reported in the literature. The present work focuses on the experimental investigation of thermal stratification in a pool under the seismic condition with the horizontally mounted heater simulating heat exchanger. Effect of heater submergence depth, frequency of excitation and amplitude of displacement on the thermal stratification has been studied. It was observed that the heater submergence depth significantly influences the thermal stratification in a pool. When a pool is subjected to an external excitation, the pool water separates into two zones; convective and impulsive. If the heater submergence depth in the impulsive zone, excitation effects are not found. If heater submergence depth is close to convective zone, significant effects are observed. However, it was observed that only first mode of excitation with large amplitude helps to achieve complete thermal mixing and higher modes of excitation have the minimal on the mitigating of thermal stratification. Non-dimensional stratification number has been evaluated to explain the mitigation of thermal stratification with seismic excitation.

The Influence of Low-Temperature Food Waste Biochars on Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste

The proof-of-the-concept of application of low-temperature food waste biochars for the anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste (the same substrate) was tested. The concept assumes that residual heat from biogas utilization may be reused for biochar production. Four low-temperature biochars produced under two pyrolytic temperatures 300 &deg;C and 400 &deg;C and under atmospheric and 15 bars pressure with 60 minutes retention time were used. Additionally, the biochar produced during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was tested. The work studied the effect of a low biochar dose (0.05 gBC x gTSsubstrate-1, or 0.65 gBC x L-1) on AD batch reactors&rsquo; performance. The biochemical methane potential test took 21 days and the process kinetics using the first-order model were determined. The results showed that biochars obtained under 400&deg;C with atmospheric pressure and under HTC conditions improve methane yield by 3.6%. It has been revealed that thermochemical pressure influences the electrical conductivity of biochars. The biomethane was produced with a rate (k) of 0.24 d-1, and the most effective biochars increased the biodegradability of FW to 81% in comparison to variants without biochars (75%).