Minimizing human race creating an unknown climate leading to pandemics-Need of the time

We are on a planet that orbits the Sun which emits a huge amount of energy. The climate we experience is a result of an energy gradient across Earth and an imbalance in energy across the world due to axial tilt of Earth rotation.

Synchronous, Nonsynchronous and Negative Rotations: How Spin and Gravity Orchestrate Planetary Motions

This study identifies the unique features accompanying the phenomenon of synchronous rotation of the major (proximal) satellites of the gas giants and the earth’s moon, and the special features leading to the ‘negative’ rotation of Venus, Uranus and Pluto, as well as the most peripheral small satellites of the gas giants. Such features help us understand how these phenomena occur but also, by combining all of the observations help explain other (regular) planetary motions as well. In the synchronously rotating satellites, the salient features are the satellites’ low axial tilts and both the orbital speed and the axial rotation speed increasing with proximity to the mother body. In “negative” rotation, axial tilts are in excess of 120° and the axial rotation speeds are significantly delayed; this delay is most pronounced in Venus, which has an axial tilt of -174°. A scrutiny of the orbital parameters of all the satellites of the gas giants alone will yield sufficient data to propose a working hypothesis of how mutual gravitation, combined with spin (axial rotation and orbital motion), the distance from the mother, and centrifugal force can explain all motions. It confirms our belief that the process of planetary motions is a continuum from the synchronous, through degrees of non-synchronicity (or regular orbits), to the negative rotations, all depending on the degree of influence from mother bodies, as a product of distances from them. Thus, the nearest large satellites with the least axial tilts display synchronous rotation. Those satellites that are intermediate in distance from the mother show nonsynchronous axial rotation and correspondingly slower orbital speeds. The small peripheral satellites display axial tilts over 120 degrees and rotate negatively. In all these orbital motions, centrifugal force is the crucial restraining influence; lest, the orbiting bodies will tend to fall into the mother bodies. How all these pieces of the puzzle fit together in the orderly movements of bodies in the universe is the underlying theme of this article.

Obliquity Variability of Terrestrial Planets in the Habitable Zone

Obliquity (axial tilt) and its variability could play an important role in the climate and habitability of a planet. We explore the spin-axis dynamics of two specific habitable zone exoplanets, Kepler-62f and Kepler-186f, using numerical and analytical techniques. Based on our current understanding of their orbital architecture, we find that, in contrast with the typical conditions in the Solar System, Kepler-62f and 186f should have low obliquity variations except in fine-tuned conditions. Extra undetected planetary companions and/or the existence of a satellite could either stabilize or destabilize obliquities at a variety of values.

Long-term evaluation of orbital dynamics in the Sun-planet system considering axial-tilt

In this paper, the axial-tilt (obliquity) effect of planets on the motion of planets’ orbiter in prolonged space missions has been investigated in the presence of the Sun gravity. The proposed model is based on non-simplified perturbed dynamic equations of planetary orbiter motion. From a new point of view, in this work, the dynamic equations regarding a disturbing body in elliptic inclined three-dimensional orbit are derived. The accuracy of this non-simplified method is validated with dual-averaged method employed on a generalized Earth–Moon system. It is shown that the neglected short-time oscillations in dual-averaged technique can accumulate and propel to remarkable errors in the prolonged evolution. After validation, the effects of the planet’s axial-tilt on eccentricity, inclination and right ascension of the ascending node of the orbiter are investigated. Moreover, a generalized model is provided to study the effects of third-body inclination and eccentricity on orbit characteristics. It is shown that the planet’s axial-tilt is the key to facilitating some significant changes in orbital elements in long-term mission and short-time oscillations must be considered in accurate prolonged evaluation.

Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty for Torque Standard Machine Using Air Rotary Bearing

Calibration for torque measurement devices has become a great demand in many industrial areas. The most important in a calibration process is decreasing its uncertainty. This paper presents in building formula to evaluate the measurement uncertainty for torque standard machine using air rotary bearing which is experimented at the Hanoi University of Science and Technology. The uncertainty of the device is composed of the uncertainty of the component elements such as arm length, load, friction torque, axial tilt, vibration load...etc. Based on them the formula is built to estimate the measurement uncertainty of torque standard machine, find out factors that affect most to the measurement uncertainty value, therefore it can benefit the further researches to improve the accuracy of the torque standard machine.

Selection of MEMS Accelerometers for Tilt Measurements

In order to build a tilt sensor having a desired sensitivity and measuring range, one should select an appropriate type, orientation, and initial position of an accelerometer. Various cases of tilt measurements are considered: determining exclusively pitch, axial tilt, or both pitch and roll, where Cartesian components of the gravity acceleration are measured by means of low-g uni-, bi-, tri-, or multiaxial micromachined accelerometers. 15 different orientations of such accelerometers are distinguished (each illustrated with respective graphics) and related to the relevant mathematical formulas. Results of the performed experimental study revealed inherent misalignments of the sensitive axes of micromachined accelerometers as large as 1°. Some of the proposed orientations make it possible to avoid a necessity of using the most misaligned pairs of the sensitive axes; some increase the accuracy of tilt measurements by activating all the sensitive axes or reducing the effects of anisotropic properties of micromachined triaxial accelerometers; other orientations make it possible to reduce a necessary number of the sensitive axes at full measurement range. An increase of accuracy while using multiaxial accelerometers is discussed. Practical guidelines for an optimal selection of a particular micromachined accelerometer for a specific case of tilt measurement are provided.

On the Structure and Dynamics of Indian Monsoon Depressions

ERA-Interim reanalysis data from the past 35 years have been used with a newly developed feature tracking algorithm to identify Indian monsoon depressions originating in or near the Bay of Bengal. These were then rotated, centralized, and combined to give a fully three-dimensional 106-depression composite structure—a considerably larger sample than any previous detailed study on monsoon depressions and their structure. Many known features of depression structure are confirmed, particularly the existence of a maximum to the southwest of the center in rainfall and other fields and a westward axial tilt in others. Additionally, the depressions are found to have significant asymmetry owing to the presence of the Himalayas, a bimodal midtropospheric potential vorticity core, a separation into thermally cold (~−1.5 K) and neutral (~0 K) cores near the surface with distinct properties, and the center has very large CAPE and very small CIN. Variability as a function of background state has also been explored, with land–coast–sea, diurnal, ENSO, active–break, and Indian Ocean dipole contrasts considered. Depressions are found to be markedly stronger during the active phase of the monsoon, as well as during La Niña. Depressions on land are shown to be more intense and more tightly constrained to the central axis. A detailed schematic diagram of a vertical cross section through a composite depression is also presented, showing its inherent asymmetric structure.