Thermodinamics and Mutual Distribution of Macromolecules in the Systems: Chlorine Chlorocontaining Polymers

In given work a scientific base compatibility of polymers, produced by industry have been studied by revealing of thermodynamically regularities of polymer mixtures. The most significant thermodynamic regularities of the mixtures of polyolefin , produced by industry and heterochained polymers have been revealed and on this base the scientific bases of their compatibility have been developed for creation of multicomponent compositional materials with given complex of operating properties.

Thermodinamics and Mutual Distribution of Macromolecules in the Systems: Chlorine Chlorocontaining Polymers

In given work a scientific base compatibility of polymers, produced by industry have been studied by revealing of thermodynamically regularities of polymer mixtures. The most significant thermodynamic regularities of the mixtures of polyolefin , produced by industry and heterochained polymers have been revealed and on this base the scientific bases of their compatibility have been developed for creation of multicomponent compositional materials with given complex of operating properties. Key words: polymer-polymer mixtures, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), polymethylmetaacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene of low density (PELD), chlorcarboxylated polyethylene of low density (CCPE) chlorinated PELD (CPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), criteria of compatibility, chlorination, upper and lower critical temperature, specific holding of volume, Qibbs mixing energy, parameter of solubility, distribution of macromolecules, chlorine-chlorocontaining polymers, polar groups, thermodynamically compatibility, sorbate, gas-carrier.

Competing ditransitive constructions in Enets

This paper reports on a corpus study of two ditransitive constructions in Enets (Uralic, Samoyedic): the standard ditransitive construction and the so-called Destinative construction involving a specific destinative nominal morpheme. We suggest that the mutual distribution of the two competing constructions depends on referential properties of theme and information structure of the clause. The Destinative construction is used when a theme is indefinite, the standard ditransitive construction is used when a theme is definite. Most often, definiteness of a theme is also accompanied by specificity of a recipient; the combination of an indefinite theme and a non-specific recipient has not been attested at all. There is also a small number of cases when the standard ditransitive construction is used in clauses with an indefinite theme: in all such cases recipients are non-standard from the information structure point of view, they are either topical, emphatic, or extraposed. We suggest that both contexts of usage of the standard ditransitive construction can be explained if we describe its main discourse function as highlighting the known referents in discourse, be it definite themes or topical, emphatic, or extraposed recipients. The main discourse function of the destinative construction is then introducing new referents in the theme position.

The Clustered DNA Lesions – Types, Pathways of Repair and Relevance to Human Health

The clustered DNA lesions are a characteristic feature of ionizing radiation and are defined as two or more damage sites formed within 20 bps after the passage of a single radiation track. The clustered DNA lesions are divided into two major groups: double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and non-DSB clusters also known as Oxidatively-induced Clustered DNA Lesions (OCDLs), which could involve either two opposing strands or the same strand. As irradiation is gaining greater interest in cancer treatment as well as in imaging techniques, the detailed knowledge of its genotoxicity and the mechanisms of repair of radiation-induced DNA damage remain issues to explore. In this review we look at the ways the cell copes with clustered DNA lesions, especially with 5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxypurines. As the base excision repair deals with isolated lesions, complex damage is more difficult to repair. Depending on the number of lesions within a cluster, their types and mutual distribution, long-patch BER or NER are activated. During the repair of opposing lesions, DSBs could be generated, which are repaired either by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). The repair of individual lesions within a cluster progresses gradually. This slower processing of particular damage might lead to severe biological consequences such as misrepair, mutations and chromosomal rearrengement as it enhances the plausibility of a cluster encountering a replication fork prior to its repair. The consequences of clustered DNA lesions on cell survival and their relevance to the efficacy and safety of radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis will also be discussed.

PRZYIMKI JAKO ZNACZNIKI RÓŻNYCH KONCEPTUALIZACJI: ANALIZA ZAGADNIENIA NA PRZYKŁADZIE JĘZYKA WŁOSKIEGO

This article is devoted to the uses of different Italian prepositions in expressionsdescribing the same fragment of reality, as exemplified by: una ragazza dai capellirossi and con una ragazza (i) capelli rossi, both referring to a red-haired girl. Situatingthe research in the field of Cognitive Grammar by R. Langacker (the relation betweena trajector and a landmark) and based on the conception of pre-cognitive schema, thefollowing hypotheses were verified: 1. preposition, as a relational category, reconstructsin a sentence the relation between the trajector and the landmark; 2. preposition, asa localistic category, illustrates the spatial and/or temporal mutual distribution of thetrajector and the landmark; 3. the ordering of the trajector and the landmark doesnot necessarily reflect the order of perceived elements: the element expressed aftera preposition can be a starting point to the perception of a scene; 4. differences inthe choice of prepositions express different ways to conceptualize the same fragmentof reality; 5. prototypical uses of prepositions refer to relational schemas and localisticpre-conceptual schema; 6.there exist asemantic uses of prepositions, as indicatedby language users’ preferences; 7. each preposition has its own semantic invariant.