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Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3553
Author(s):  
Geruza Silveira Machado ◽  
Ana Paula Folmer Correa ◽  
Paula Gabriela da Silva Pires ◽  
Letícia Marconatto ◽  
Adriano Brandelli ◽  
...  

Feathers are naturally made up of non-digestible proteins. Under thermal processing, total tract digestibility can be partially improved. Furthermore, Bacillus subtilis (Bs) has shown a hydrolytic effect In vitro. Then, a Bs FTC01 was selected to hydrolyze enough feathers to produce a meal, and then test the quality and inclusion in the dog’s diet to measure the apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (ATTDC) in vivo and the microorganism’s ability to survive in the gastrointestinal tract. A basal diet was added with 9.09% hydrolyzed Bs feather meal (HFMBs) or 9.09% thermally hydrolyzed feather meal (HFMT). Nine adult dogs were randomized into two 10-day blocks and fed different diets. Microbial counts were performed on feather meal, diets and feces. The Bs was less effective in digesting the feathers, which reduced the ATTDC of dry matter, crude protein, energy and increased the production of fecal DM, but the fecal score was maintained (p > 0.05). The digestible energy of HFMT and HFMBs was 18,590 J/kg and 9196 J/kg, respectively. Bacillus subtilis showed limitation to digest feather in large scale, but the resistance of Bs to digestion was observed since it grown on feces culture.


Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1174
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Caruso ◽  
Mario Pietro Marcello Milazzo ◽  
Denisia Bommarito ◽  
Vincenza Girgenti ◽  
Glenda Amato ◽  
...  

Background: Transanal irrigation (TAI) is employed for children with fecal incontinence, but it can present several problems which require a study of their outcomes among different pathologies and without a tailored work up. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an advanced protocol in order to tailor TAI, prevent complications, and evaluate outcomes. Methods: We included 70 patients (14 anorectal malformation, 12 Hirschsprung’s disease, 24 neurological impairment, 20 functional incontinence) submitted to a comprehensive protocol with Peristeen®: fecal score, volumetric enema, rectal ultrasound, anorectal 3D manometry, and diary for testing and parameter adjustment. Results: Among the patients, 62.9% needed adaptations to the parameters, mainly volume of irrigated water and number of puffs of balloon. These adaptations were positively correlated with pre-treatment manometric and enema data. In each group, the improvement of score was statistically significant in all cases (p 0.000); the main factor influencing the efficacy was the rate of sphincter anomalies. The ARM group had slower improvement than other groups, whereas functional patients had the best response. Conclusions: Our results showed that TAI should not be standardized for all patients, because each one has different peculiarities; evaluation of patients before TAI with rectal ultrasound, enema, and manometry allowed us to tailor the treatment, highlighting different outcomes among various pathologies, thus improving the efficacy


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mahdi Eskandary ◽  
Mehdi Hossein Yazdi ◽  
Ehsan Mahjoubi ◽  
Mehdi Kazemi-Bonchenari

Abstract This study aimed to determine the optimal feeding time of microencapsulated sodium butyrate (SB) in whole milk (WM) and starter feed on growth performance and health in dairy calves. Forty-eight Holstein calves (age = 4 d; body weight [BW] = 39.45 ± 2.48 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (12 calves per treatment) in a completely randomized block design and fed (1) WM without microencapsulated SB (SB0) supplementation; (2) 4 g/d SB added to WM since d 4 to 32 (SB4); (3) 4 g/d SB added to WM since d 61 to 74 and equal amount was added to starter since d 75 to 88 (SB60); and (4) 4 g/d SB added to WM (since d 4 to 74) and the starter (since d 74 to 88) throughout the experiment (SBT). Calves fed SB4 and SBT had lower fecal score during pre-weaning, transition period, and overall period (P = 0.043, P = 0.05, and P = 0.015; respectively). In addition, calves in SB4 and SBT groups decreased the number of days with scours during pre-weaning period, and throughout study (P = 0.035 and P = 0.025; respectively). SB60 calves had greater serum total protein (P < 0.001) during post-weaning period. Post-weaning and overall albumin concentrations were greater in SB4 and SBT calves (P = 0.011), and tended to increase in pre-weaning period compared to control calves (P = 0.06). Based on these results, addition of SB in WM is recommendable for the first month of milk-fed calves life.


Author(s):  
L Vanessa Lagos ◽  
Mike R Bedford ◽  
Hans H Stein

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test 2 hypotheses: 1) reducing dietary Ca and P reduces gastric pH and diarrhea in weanling pigs; 2) negative effects of low Ca and P on pig growth performance may be overcome if phytase is added to the diets. A total of 320 weanling pigs (6.35 ± 0.87 kg) were allotted to 8 corn-soybean meal-based diets in a randomized complete block design with 5 pigs per pen. Two phase 1 (d 1 to 14) control diets containing 100 or 50% of total Ca and digestible P relative to the requirement, and 6 diets in which 500, 2,000, or 16,000 units of phytase/kg feed (FTU) were added to each control diet were formulated. Phytase was assumed to release 0.16% total Ca and 0.11% digestible P. Common diets were fed in phases 2 (d 15 to 27) and 3 (d 28 to 42). Growth performance data were recorded within each phase. Data for fecal scores and gastrointestinal pH were recorded for phase 1. Colon content (d 14), the right femur (d 14 and 42), and blood samples (d -1, 14, 27, and 42) were collected from 1 pig per pen. In phase 1, reducing Ca and P did not reduce gastric pH or fecal score, but pigs fed the 50% diets had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with pigs fed the 100% diets. In both 50 and 100% diets, phytase above 500 FTU increased (P &lt; 0.05) gain:feed ratio (G:F) and tended (P &lt; 0.10) to reduce gastric pH of pigs. From d 1 to 42, pigs fed the 50% diets tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have reduced ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the 100% diets, but among the 100% diets, pigs tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have a linear increase in G:F as phytase level increased. Pigs fed the 50% diets had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of inositol phosphate esters (IP) in the colon and reduced bone ash (d 14 and 42) compared with pigs fed the 100% diets. Phytase did not affect bone ash or most blood metabolites. Concentrations of IP in the colon decreased, whereas plasma inositol increased (d 14; P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed diets with phytase (≥ 500 FTU). In pigs fed the 100% diets, IP in the colon linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05), but plasma inositol linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing levels of phytase. In conclusion, reducing Ca and P in diets for weanling pigs did not influence gastric pH or fecal score, but compromised growth performance and bone ash. However, regardless of dietary Ca and P, high doses of phytase increased phytate degradation and inositol absorption, which consequently increased G:F of pigs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 5579-5591
Author(s):  
Yasmin Gabrielli Teixeira De Deus ◽  
João Antônio Zanardo ◽  
Robson Carlos Antunes

This work was based on the experiment in which forty-four newly weaned pig matrices with the same birth order and age were used, equally distributed in two experimental groups where they received two different treatments, with and without an increase of 15% of extruded fiber along gestational period. Collections and analysis of zootechnical data were performed at 40, 65, 87, 107 days of gestation, and after 21 days of piglets. The main objectives proposed were achieved with satisfaction, which were to maintain the batch uniformity (body score close to 3), ideal fecal score, reduction of stereotypes caused by the sensation of hunger, and increase in the number of piglets born alive and consequently weaned. The swine matrices, besides having been submitted to the animal welfare precepts, characterizing a healthier creation, still presented an increase of 1.95 more piglets per parturition.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 372-374
Author(s):  
Rachita Maniyar ◽  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Debora Holanda ◽  
Chengbo Yang ◽  
Karmin O ◽  
...  

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the health-promoting effects of red osier dogwood (ROD) extract as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Twenty-eight weaned piglets (9.15±0.95 kg BW) confirmed to genetically susceptible to ETEC were individually assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were, negative control (NC), corn-wheat soybean meal diet with no additives; positive control (PC), NC plus antibiotics; ROD1, NC plus 0.1% ROD extract; ROD2, NC plus 0.2% ROD extract. Piglets were orally challenged on d 7 with ETEC F4. Feed disappearance, body weight, fecal score, and rectal temperature were recorded. On d 14, piglets were euthanized to collect intestinal tissue samples for histomorphology and Ussing chamber analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using individual piglet as the experimental unit. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in histomorphology and intestinal permeability. Piglets fed the NC diet tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have higher average daily gain, post-inoculation than those fed ROD1 or ROD2. Fecal score of piglets fed the PC diet tended to (P &lt; 0.10) or was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) than for piglets fed ROD1 or ROD2 on 0 and 2 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. On 0 dpi, piglets fed the ROD1 diet had significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) body temperature than those fed PC or ROD2. In conclusion, ROD extract supplementation might have some health-promoting effects on ETEC challenged piglets but could not improve gut health to the same extent as antibiotics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 405-407
Author(s):  
Koo Deokho ◽  
Mohankumar Thamaraikannan ◽  
Madesh Muniyappan ◽  
Song Junho ◽  
Ahn Je Min ◽  
...  

Abstract Minerals enhance the digestive and bio-synthesis process and growth of animals. Nano-minerals are considered to be more efficient in growth, immunomodulation, bactericidal effects than regular products. Also, they are needed in a lower dose. Sulfur is an essential part of many enzymes and antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin. Some sulfur containing compounds can efficiently form a line of defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Detoxified nano-Sulfur Dispersion (DSD) on growth performance, fecal score, fecal microbial, gas emissions, blood profile, nutrient digestibility and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of 160 pigs with an initial body weight of 54.90 ± 5.10 kg were randomly assigned to 2 treatments comprising of basal diet and basal diet with 10ppm DSD. All data were statically analyzed by T-test using the SAS program as a randomized complete block design, with the pen serving as an experimental unit. During the 10-week trial, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) between the control and DSD groups. Also, the fecal score, fecal microbiota, gas emission were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by DSD diet. Dietary inclusion of DSD tended (P &lt; 0.10) to increase water holding capacity and decrease cooking loss and drip loss. At week 5, serum concentrations of glucose, calcium, total cholesterol, high-density level were increased, and triglyceride concentration was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced in pigs fed with DSD than control diets. In summary, the inclusion of dietary DSD in the finishing pig diet improved serum Ca, glucose concentrations and lipid profiles. It also improved some meat quality traits, indicating its importance in improving the health status of animals.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
David P Casper ◽  
Lydia Olagunju ◽  
Uchenna Anele ◽  
Abigayle Bacon

Abstract Several calf studies demonstrate advantages when feeding greater protein and/or milk solids amounts, however studies comparing 2x/d versus 3x/d feeding are limited. Forty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. Treatments were: 1) 2X: milk replacer (MR) fed 2x/d; and 2) 3X: MR fed 3x/d. The MR was fed at 15% solids at 0630 and 1800 h and the 3rd 3X feeding was at 1200 h. 2X calves were fed MR at 0.567 kg/d for d 1–14, increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15–35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36–42 for the 42 d study. 3X calves were fed MR 0.851 kg/d for d 1–14, increased to 1.275 kg/d for d 15–35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36–42. Calf starter (CS) and water were free choice. Initial BW was a significant (P &lt; 0.01) covariate and BW (55.6 and 57.3 kg for 2X and 3X, respectively) tended (P &lt; 0.09) to be greater for calves fed 3X compared with 2X fed calves, but BW gains (25.5 and 27.7 kg) were similar (P &gt; 0.10). A treatment by week interaction (P &lt; 0.01) demonstrated variable BW gains. Intake of CS (0.28 and 0.13 kg/d) was approximately 63% lower (P &lt; 0.04) for calves fed 3X compared with calves fed 2X. Feed conversions (0.65 and 0.60 kg/kg) were greater (P &lt; 0.04) for calves fed 2X compared with calves fed 3X. Calves fed 2X had less scours (fecal score=0; 34.3 and 29.7 d) compared with 3X fed calves. Providing an additional MR feeding demonstrated minimal BW gains. Providing a 3rd daily feeding greatly reduces CS intake and inhibits the transition needed for weaning calves.


2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. S84-S85
Author(s):  
E. Mancini ◽  
C. De Nunzio ◽  
A.F.M. Cicione ◽  
A. Nacchia ◽  
J. Ghahhari ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
L Vanessa Lagos ◽  
Su A Lee ◽  
Mike R Bedford ◽  
Hans H Stein

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that reducing limestone and monocalcium phosphate in diets for weanling pigs by lowering the concentration of Ca and P or by including microbial phytase in the diet will reduce stomach pH and fecal score and will improve growth performance of pigs. A total of 160 weanling pigs (5.75 ± 1.04 kg) were allotted to 4 corn-soybean meal-based diets in a completely randomized design with 5 pigs per pen. Diets for phase 1 (d 1 to 15) were formulated using a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 concentrations of Ca and P (adequate or deficient levels of total Ca and digestible P) and 2 inclusion levels of phytase (0 or 2,000 units/kg feed). Phytase was assumed to release 0.16% total Ca and 0.11% digestible P. Common diets were fed in phases 2 (d 16 to 21) and 3 (d 22 to 35). Fecal scores were recorded in phase 1 and on d 15, gastric pH was measured and a blood sample and the right femur were collected from 1 pig per pen. Growth performance data were recorded within each phase. Results indicated that in phase 1, at deficient dietary Ca and P, pigs fed the diet with phytase had greater (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed (G:F) compared with pigs fed the diet without phytase, but in diets with adequate levels of Ca and P, no effect of phytase inclusion was observed (interaction, P &lt; 0.05). Without phytase, pigs fed the diet with deficient Ca and P had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) G:F compared with pigs fed the diet with adequate Ca and P, but if phytase was included, there was no effect of Ca and P on G:F (interaction, P &lt; 0.05). For phases 2 and 3, and from d 1 to 35, no differences among dietary treatments were observed for ADG or G:F. Bone ash was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed diets with adequate Ca and P than in pigs fed diets with deficient Ca and P, but no effect of phytase inclusion was observed on bone ash. Concentrations of Ca and P did not affect stomach pH or fecal score, but pigs fed diets with phytase tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have reduced stomach pH and fecal score compared with pigs fed diets without phytase. Pigs fed diets with adequate Ca and P had greater (P &lt; 0.05) albumin in serum than pigs fed the Ca- and P-deficient diets. In conclusion, phytase inclusion in phase 1 diets may reduce diarrhea, but lowering Ca and P does not reduce stomach pH or fecal score and decreases bone ash, although growth performance during the entire weanling period is not affected.


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