Diabetes insipidus central em dois cães

O presente estudo descreve aspectos clínico-laboratoriais, diagnóstico e tratamento de dois cães com diabetes insipidus central, ambos com histórico de poliúria e polidipsia desde o nascimento. O primeiro cão, sem raça definida, três anos de idade, foi diagnosticado com diabetes insipidus central completo, no qual há deficiência total de vasopressina confirmado no teste de privação hídrica modificado. O segundo cão, Yorkshire Terrier, sete anos de idade apresentou diabetes insipidus central parcial e o teste confirmatório utilizado foi o terapêutico com desmopressina. Ambos os testes confirmatórios só foram realizados após avaliação clínica detalhada e a exclusão das causas mais frequentes de poliúria e polidipsia. Apesar de ser uma doença incomum em cães, o diabetes insipidus deve fazer parte do diagnóstico diferencial de doenças que cursam com poliúria e polidipsia, especialmente na presença de hipostenúria.

Characterization of 2 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase–producing Enterobacterales isolated from canine rectal swabs

Globally, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) cause life-threatening, hospital-acquired infections in people, and have been reported recently among veterinary patients. Organisms that produce a Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) are one of the most common CPE isolated from people but have been reported only rarely in animals. We characterized 2 KPC-producing Enterobacterales isolated from companion animal rectal swabs during the response to an outbreak caused by a strain of blaNDM-5 Escherichia coli. Both isolates were characterized by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and analysis. The first isolate (case A) was from an immunosuppressed 6-y-old Yorkshire Terrier and was identified as E. coli (ST372) with a blaKPC-18 gene and an IncFII plasmid. The second isolate (case B) was from a 3-y-old Labrador Retriever with acute diarrhea and was identified as Citrobacter koseri with a blaKPC-2 gene, multiple plasmids (ColRNAI, pKPC-CAV1193), and a putative enterotoxin gene ( senB). Further research is needed to determine what role animals might play in the epidemiology of CPE in communities. It is imperative that all CPE isolated from companion animals be fully characterized by WGS and the associated case examined. All veterinary isolates should be sequenced and shared for surveillance, monitoring, and investigation purposes.

Retrospective review: congenital pulmonary artery stenosis in dogs (prevalence forms)

Objective: to determine the occurrence and clinical characteristics of different types of PS (pulmonary stenosis) in dogs Reseach tasks: to identify the breed predisposition to PS, to study the clinical, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic characteristics of various types of PS and to analyse their dependence on the severity of the heart defect. Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis of Biocontrol veterinary clinic medical records throughout six years (2014–2020). Cardiological examination of dogs presented to the primary ambulatory appointment included physical examination, echocardiography using the Philips HD15 ultrasound system, radiography and electrocardiography. Animals: 31 dogs with isolated pulmonary artery stenosis (17 males and 14 females). Breeds: French Bulldog, English Bulldog, Yorkshire Terrier, German Spitz, American Pit Bull Terrier, Staffordshire Terrier, Toy Terrier, Cane Corso, Whippet, Biewer Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, Entlebucher, German Boxer, East European Shepherd, American Bully. Results and discussion: 43 dogs with a PS were examined from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2020. Of these, 31 dogs (72 %) with isolated PS and 12 dogs (28 %) with a combination of PS with other congenital heart defects. The most common combinations were PS with aortic stenosis (25 %) and PS with ventricular septal defect (25 %). The most common form of isolated PS was type A valve stenosis (68 %). Severe stenosis prevailed (58 %). The most common breeds were French Bulldogs (22.6 %), English Bulldogs (16.1 %) and Yorkshire Terriers (9.7 %). Males were more prevalent (55 %). 61 % of animals from the group of dogs with severe PS visited clinic because of signalment, and syncope was the most frequently reported symptom (28 %). The symptoms associated with congenital heart defect were not identified in the group of animals with moderate and mild degrees of PS. ECG showed that 100 % of dogs were diagnosed with sinus rhythm. Electrical right axis deviation of the heart was detected in 45 % of dogs. Direct dependency was between the severity of the stenosis and the severity of electrical right axis deviation. According to echocardiographic studies — 100 % of animals with severe and moderate stenosis and 14% with mild stenosis were diagnosed with concentric, eccentric or mixed forms of right ventricle myocardial hypertrophy, enlargement of the right atrial. Direct dependency is founded between the severity of stenosis, the type of right ventricle hypertrophy and the size of the right atrium. The more severe stenosis, the more mixed form of hypertrophy; increase of the right atrium was recorded in dogs with mixed right ventricular hypertrophy. Post-stenotic dilatation of the trunk and branches of the pulmonary artery was determined in all dogs with single right coronary artery type R2A. Conclusions: PS is most commonly found in French Bulldogs. The most common type of PS is type A valvular stenosis in the form of an isolated defect. Severe PS is prevalent. There is direct dependency is between the severity of the defect and the severity of right ventricular myocardial hypertrophy, the large size of the right atrium and electrical right axis deviation of the heart.

UVEÍTE ANTERIOR COMO MANIFESTAÇÃO CLÍNICA ISOLADA DE BRUCELOSE EM CÃO

Introdução: A infecção por Brucella canis é considerada uma das etiologias da uveíte anterior em cães. Outras manifestações oculares incluem panuveíte, endoftalmite, panoftalmite, coriorretinite, vitreíte, descolamento de retina e ceratoconjuntivite. Contudo, há ainda poucos relatos na literatura que relacionam oftalmopatias à infecção natural por Brucella canis. Objetivos: Descrever a evolução clínica de um caso de uveíte anterior unilateral em cão como única manifestação de brucelose. Material e métodos: Cão, Yorkshire Terrier, 3 anos de idade, foi atendido apresentando opacidade em olho direito (OD) com evolução de duas semanas. Como histórico, paciente havia sido utilizado como reprodutor em canil e apresentava hiperlipidemia. Ao exame, verificado blefarospasmo, hiperemia conjuntival, edema de córnea e turbidez em câmara anterior em OD. A pressão intraocular foi de 11 mmHg em OD e 15 mmHg em olho esquerdo (TonoVet®). Foi iniciado tratamento em OD com prednisolona 1%, 5 vezes por dia, e hialuronato de sódio 0,15%, 3 vezes por dia, havendo melhora na primeira semana de tratamento. Porém, durante redução gradual da prednisolona até 1 vez por dia e, mesmo sob tratamento para hiperlipidemia com bezafibrato, houve recidiva do quadro. Portanto, foi mantido o tratamento com prednisolona 1%, 3 vezes por dia, sendo substituída posteriormente por diclofenaco sódico 0,1%, 1 vez por dia. Ao reduzir a frequência do diclofenaco sódico para a cada 48 horas, houve nova recidiva, quando foram solicitados hemograma, PCR para Ehrlichia canis e Babesia spp. e teste ELISA para pesquisa de anticorpos contra E. canis, Leishmania spp., Brucella canis, Anaplasma spp. e Borrelia burgdorferi e antígeno de Dirofilaria immitis. Resultados: O teste ELISA para Brucella canis foi positivo e o paciente foi submetido a tratamento com enrofloxacino e doxiciclina, ambos 10 mg/kg, 1 vez por dia, durante 30 dias. Durante o acompanhamento, não houve novas recidivas de uveíte. Conclusão: A brucelose canina é uma enfermidade que pode ser subdiagnosticada, dado que os sintomas mais frequentes, como aborto e infertilidade, são observados apenas em animais em reprodução. Assim, a pesquisa de brucelose em cães com uveíte é necessária especialmente em pacientes com histórico desconhecido ou destinados previamente a reprodução.

Pathophysiological characteristics of the development of arterial hypertension in Yorkshire Terriers with alimentary obesity

Relevance. The study of the pathogenesis of obesity in domestic animals is an urgent problem in veterinary medicine, which is associated with the high prevalence of this pathological condition and a significant risk of complications from the cardiovascular system. The aim of the study was to present the pathophysiological characteristics of the development of arterial hypertension syndrome in obesity in Yorkshire Terrier dogs.Methods. In a comparative aspect, clinical, tonometric, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and biochemical parameters were studied in obese patients (n = 13) and clinically healthy dogs (n = 7).Results. Our study shows the negative role of obesity in the development of arterial hypertension syndrome in Yorkshire Terrier dogs. It was also found that obesity in dogs is accompanied by impaired lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, the development of arterial hypertension and a tendency to the development of concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricular myocardium and hepatopathy.

Enterococcus spp. Meningoencephalitis, Ventriculitis, and Hypophysitis in a Dog

ABSTRACT A 13 yr old spayed female Yorkshire terrier was hospitalized for a dull mentation, anorexia, presumptive gastroenterocolitis, and a suspected gastrointestinal bleed with melena. Despite supportive therapy, the patient’s clinical signs persisted. Throughout hospitalization, the patient became progressively dull to stuporous with a progressive hypernatremia. On day 3 of hospitalization, the patient acutely developed neurological signs with a neuroanatomical localization consistent with a process at the caudal cranial fossa. Per the owner’s wishes, the patient was euthanized with necropsy performed. Histo-pathology revealed a suppurative meningoencephalitis, ventriculitis, hypophysitis, otitis interna, and an ulcerative pharyngitis. Aerobic culture collected from the area of the pituitary gland grew an Enterococcus spp. Enterococcal meningoencephalitis is rare in humans but has not been reported in veterinary medicine. In future cases of canine bacterial meningitis, Enterococcus spp. should be considered. Because of the inherent resistance patterns of Enterococcus spp., targeted antibiotic selection would be required for treatment.

Imaging diagnosis of paranasal sinus mucocele in a Yorkshire Terrier dog

An 8-year-old, neutered male Yorkshire Terrier dog presented with left ventromedial canthus swelling over a one-month period, refractory to pharmacological therapy. There was no history of trauma. On ultrasonography, the lesion had a cystic character filled with anechoic fluid and hyperechoic sedimenting debris. The computed tomography (CT) and CT-dacryocystography showed a cystic lesion protruding from the lacrimal sac fossa and occupying a defect in the orbital plate and an ethmoidal ectoturbinate surrounded by a bony structure with an intact nasolacrimal system. The dog underwent the surgical resection of the cyst and its fluid content was aspirated. Ethmoid mucocele was diagnosed based on the CT, cytologic examination, bacterial culture and histopathologic findings. This case describes the imaging characteristics of an ethmoid mucocele and highlights the importance of CT and CT-dacryocystography in dogs with ventromedial canthus swelling that had poor response to medical treatment.

Frequency and predisposing factors for canine otitis externa in the UK – a primary veterinary care epidemiological view

Background Otitis externa is a commonly diagnosed disorder in dogs and can carry a high welfare impact on affected animals. This study aimed to report the prevalence and explore the role of breed and aural conformation as predisposing factors for canine otitis externa in the UK. The study used a cohort design of dogs under UK primary veterinary care at clinics participating in the VetCompass Programme during 2016. Risk factor analysis used multivariable logistic regression modelling. Results The study included a random sample of 22,333 dogs from an overall population of 905,554 dogs under veterinary care in 2016. The one-year period prevalence of otitis externa was 7.30% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.97 to 7.65). Breed and ear carriage were the highest ranked risk factors. Compared with crossbred dogs, sixteen breed types showed increased odds, including: Basset Hound (odds ratio [OR] 5.87), Chinese Shar Pei (OR 3.44), Labradoodle (OR 2.95), Beagle (OR 2.54) and Golden Retriever (OR 2.23). Four breeds showed protection (i.e. reduced odds) of otitis externa: Chihuahua (OR 0.20), Border Collie (OR 0.34), Yorkshire Terrier (OR 0.49) and Jack Russell Terrier (OR 0.52). Designer breed types overall had 1.63 times the odds (95% CI 1.31 to 2.03) compared with crossbred dogs. Compared with breeds with erect ear carriage, breeds with pendulous ear carriage had 1.76 times the odds (95% CI 1.48 to 2.10) and breeds with V-shaped drop ear carriage had 1.84 times the odds (95% CI 1.53 to 2.21) of otitis externa. Conclusions Breed itself and breed-associated ear carriage conformation are important predisposing factors for canine otitis externa. Greater awareness of these associations for both predisposed and protected breeds could support veterinary practitioners to promote cautious and low-harm approaches in their clinical advice on preventive care for otitis externa, especially in predisposed breeds.

ASPECTOS TERAPÊUTICOS DA DERMATITE ATÓPICA CANINA

Introdução: A dermatite atópica canina (DAC) é uma doença com predisposição hereditária, caracterizada por uma deficiência na barreira cutânea, que favorece a penetração através da pele, de alérgenos ambientais e microrganismos presentes na superfície da pele. Objetivo: Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar uma revisão sobre os aspectos terapêuticos da dermatite atópica canina. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico utilizando as bases de dados eletrônicas Pubmed e Scielo, utilizando as palavras-chave: cães, atopia, tratamento. Resultados: Em geral, os sintomas iniciais surgem nos cães entre seis meses e três anos de idade e tem o prurido como o principal sinal clínico, causando eritema no abdome, axilas, face, orelhas e patas, otites recorrentes, formação de pústulas no abdome, alopecias, escoriações, odor desagradável, ato de mordiscar e lamber espaços interdigitais e região penianal. Os alérgenos envolvidos incluem ácaros ambientais, bolores, leveduras, pólen, alimentos, poeira, fungos e outros. As raças mais predispostas são: Shih-tzu, Maltês, Bulldog Francês, Yorkshire Terrier, entre outras. O levantamento do histórico do animal e um criterioso exame físico são os passos iniciais durante a abordagem clínica, porém, o diagnóstico de DAC é baseado na exclusão de outros fatores alérgicos, tais como: dermatite alérgica a picada de ectoparasitas (DAPE) e hipersensibilidade alimentar, o que podeF levar alguns meses. O exame parasitológico do raspado cutâneo e a citologia das lesões cutâneas podem contribuir para identificar outras doenças primárias envolvidas, assim como possíveis infecções secundárias. O tratamento da DAC é de abrangência multifatorial, bastante desafiador e varia de acordo com o animal envolvido e também com a intensidade dos sinais clínicos apresentados. O arsenal terapêutico disponível para o controle desta afecção, inclui a imunoterapia (após teste alergênico); suplementação com ácidos graxos; uso de xampus hidratantes; além do emprego de fármacos com ação antipruriginosa. No controle do prurido podem ser empregados corticosteróides (tópico ou sistêmico) e, principalmente, novos fármacos como o oclacitinib, a ciclosporina e ainda Lokivetmab (anticorpo monoclonal). Conclusão: A DAC é uma das afecções mais importantes e desafiadoras na rotina dermatológica de cães, exigindo do clínico um bom conhecimento sobre os aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos desta afecção.