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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P Robins ◽  
John J Mekalanos

SARS-CoV-2 is one of three recognized coronaviruses (CoVs) that have caused epidemics or pandemics in the 21st century and that likely emerged from animal reservoirs. Differences in nucleotide and protein sequence composition within related lower case Greek beta-coronaviruses are often used to better understand CoV evolution, host adaptation, and their emergence as human pathogens. Here we report the comprehensive analysis of amino acid residue changes that have occurred in lineage B lower case Greek betacoronaviruses (sarbecoviruses) that show covariance with each other. This analysis revealed patterns of covariance within conserved viral proteins that potentially define conserved interactions within and between core proteins encoded by SARS-CoV-2 related lower case Greek beta-coranaviruses. We identified not only individual pairs but also networks of amino acid residues that exhibited statistically high frequencies of covariance with each other using an independent pair model followed by a tandem model approach. Using 149 different CoV genomes that vary in their relatedness, we identified networks of unique combinations of alleles that can be incrementally traced genome by genome within different phylogenic lineages. Remarkably, covariant residues and their respective regions most abundantly represented are implicated in the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and are also enriched in dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Ohira

Abstract We consider a quantum entangled state for two particles, each particle having two basis states, which includes an entangled pair of spin 1/2 particles. We show that, for any quantum entangled state vectors of such systems, one can always find a pair of observable operators $\mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Y}$ with zero correlations ($\langle{\psi}|\mathcal{X}\mathcal{Y}|{\psi}\rangle - \langle{\psi}|\mathcal{X}|{\psi}\rangle\langle{\psi}|\mathcal{Y}|{\psi}\rangle= 0$). At the same time, if we consider the analogous classical system of a “classically entangled” (statistically non-independent) pair of random variables taking two values, one can never have zero correlations (zero covariance, $E[XY] - E[X]E[Y] = 0$). We provide a general proof to illustrate the different nature of entanglements in classical and quantum theories.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Margareta Retno Priamsari ◽  
Maria Mita Susanti ◽  
Andreas Harya Atmaja

                                                       AbstractFlavonoid adalah salah senyawa aktif dalam daun sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) yang memiliki khasiat sebagai antioksidan, menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker, dan menjaga fungsi hati. Banyaknya khasiat dari flavonoid membutuhkan penanganan pasca panen yang tepat karena sifat flavonoid yang tidak stabil pada suhu tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode pengeringan terhadap kualitas ekstrak dan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etanolik sambung nyawa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental. Metode pengeringan dilakukan dengan diangin-angin di bawah tempat teduh terlindung dari sinar matahari langsung dan pengeringan oven suhu 40o C. Analisis kualitas ekstrak yang dilakukan meliputi organoleptis, rendemen dan susut pengeringan. Analisis kadar flavonoid menggunakan metode kolorimetri dengan senyawa pengkompleks AlCl3 dan baku standar kuersetin. Kurva kalibrasi dibuat 5 seri konsentrasi yaitu 40, 60, 80, 100, dan 120 ppm. Absorbansi pada panjang gelombang 434 nm menggunakan spektrofotometer UV Vis. Data yang diperoleh berupa kadar flavonoid selanjutnya dianalisis statistik dengan independent pair sample t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode pengeringan simplisia dapat mempengaruhi kualitas ekstrak dan kadar total flavonoid ekstrak etanolik daun sambung nyawa secara signifikan. Kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etanolik daun sambung nyawa metode pengeringan angin-angin sebesar 2,15 ±0,03% b/b sedangkan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etanolik daun sambung nyawa metode pengeringan oven 40o C sebesar 1,87 ±0,01% b/b. Total kadar flavonoid dihitung sebagai kuersetin.


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Ibtisam. F. Al-Maaitah

We have calculated total and viscosity cross sections for krypton gas at boiling point by using a Galitskii-Migdal-Feynman (GMF) formalism which is essentially an independent-pair model ‘dressed’ by a many-body medium. The interaction potential in our work is theHartree-Fock dispersion (HFD-B) potential.


2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Shyambhu Kumar ◽  
Ranjit Prasad Yadav

In the present paper, expansions are obtained for density-independent pair distribution function and second virial coefficient for D-dimensional molecular fluid mixtures of dipolar hard D-spheres in the semiclassical limit. Numerical results for the second virial coefficient are also estimated for binary mixture of (i) hard spheres and dipolar hard spheres and (ii) hard discs and dipolar hard discs. It is found that the quantum effects increase with increase of dipole moment μ2 as well as the concentration x2. The purpose of the present work is to develop a theory for calculating the low density properties of the polar hard D-sphere fluid mixture in the semiclassical limit. We have also developed the theory for estimating the quantum corrections to the density independent pair distribution function (PDF) and second virial coefficient of the polar D-sphere fluid mixtures.Academic Voices Vol.5 2015: 48-55


2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-598
Author(s):  
Rahmawati Rahmawati ◽  
Aryu Candra Kusumastuti

Latar belakang :  Asam urat merupakan hasil akhir metabolisme purin yang apabila dalam jumlah yang berlebihan dapat memicu terjadinya berbagai macam penyakit, salah satunya adalah gout. Moringa oleifera lamk, atau dikenal dengan daun kelor telah dipercaya masyarakat sebagai tanaman herbal untuk gout, arthritis, dan beberapa penyakit lainnya karena kandungan fitokimianya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh pemberian seduhan daun kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk) terhadap kadar asam urat tikus putih.Metode : Dua belas ekor tikus wistar jantan dengan berat 150 – 180 g dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak. Kedua kelompok diberi  otak kambing 2 g/ekor/hari selama 8 hari. Selanjutnya, kelompok kontrol (K) diberi akuades, sedangkan pada kelompok perlakuan (P) diberi seduhan daun kelor 3,6 ml selama 14 hari. Bubuk daun kelor dengan dosis 3,75 g/kg berat badan diseduh dengan air hangat bersuhu 600C. Data yang diperoleh diuji normalitasnya menggunakan Saphiro-Wilk. Perbedaan kadar asam urat sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan pada  masing – masing kelompok diuji dengan dependent pair t test. Untuk mengetahui perbedaan antara kedua kelompok digunakan uji independent pair t test.Hasil penelitian : Perubahan kadar asam urat sebelum dan sesudah pemberian otak kambing pada kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan adalah -0,529 mg/dl (p= 0,002) dan 0,831 mg/dl (p= 0,08). Perubahan kadar asam urat sebelum dan sesudah pemberian seduhan daun kelor pada kelompok perlakuan adalah 0,675 mg/dl (p= 0,04). Kesimpulan : Pemberian seduhan daun kelor dengan dosis 3,75 g/kgbb selama 14 hari dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat tikus.


2007 ◽  
Vol 371 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Cragg ◽  
Arthur K. Kerman

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Dremin ◽  
V. A. Nechitailo
Keyword(s):  

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