«Мертвецы есть?»: язык травмы в нарративах о дороге в Сибирь

Introduction. The article is devoted to the Kalmyk narratives of their travel to Siberia, with a focus on the language of trauma characteristic of the narratives. Aim: The article indicates that their difficult road to Siberia was close to liminal crossing practices, resulting in a change in the status of travelers. Methods. In terms of methodological guidance, the article draws on the works of A. van Gennep, V. Turner, and T. Tsivyan. Of relevance was also the concept of the language of trauma discussed in the monograph “To Draw a Camp” (Guchinova, 2016). The research sources are the author’s field materials collected for the project “Everyone Has Their Own Siberia” (some of them published) and the stories about Siberia from a collection of memoirs on Kalmyk deportation. Results. It was on their way to Siberia in the cattle wagons that the people, deprived of even primitive comfort and convenience and stripped of their rights, realized a change of their status: they were no longer citizens but special resettlers. The stories about the road to Siberia remain in the collective memory of the Kalmyks as theirworst experience during the years of repression (1943–1956). Hence, of special significance is the language of trauma with its plotlines, and vocabulary that renders the people’s memory.

“Free Kurdistan”: Difficult Road to Self-Determination (1970s — XXI Century)

The period of the struggle of South (Iraqi) Kurdistan for self-determination, namely such events as its transformation into the center of the Kurdish national movement in the Middle East and the proclamation of the Kurdish Autonomous Region (KAR) in 1974 is considered. The creation of a legal precedent, which has acquired an international character, is commented on. The recognition by the Iraqi government of the right of the Kurds to territorial autonomy is assessed as an undoubted success of the national movement of the Kurdish minority. It is noted that the development of the draft of Interim Constitution was preceded by a long discussion between Shiite Arabs, Sunni Arabs and Kurds on the future administrative structure of the country. It is shown that the Baathist regime was not going to solve the Kurdish problem in the country on a truly democratic basis, but only created the appearance of a solution to the issue in order to remove internal and international tensions. The author dwells on the repressive measures of the government of Saddam Hussein against the Kurds. The mass character of repressive measures during the Iranian-Iraqi war of 1980—1988 is emphasized.

The Difficult Road to Peace

The news of Khusro’s fall finally reached Heraclius on 3 April 628, marking the end of the war. There followed two years of negotiations with three successive Persian regimes. The threat from the Turks strengthened the Roman position until their sudden disappearance in 629. Under the terms finally agreed with Khusro’s daughter Boran, the Persians disgorged all his conquests and accepted the pre-war frontier. Victory was celebrated in Constantinople, when Heraclius’ final dispatch was read out in St Sophia (15 May 628). Two triumphal ceremonies were staged, the first at Constantinople on the occasion of Heraclius’ return in June 628, the second at Jerusalem on 21 March 630, when Heraclius brought back the fragments of the True Cross taken by the Persians in 614 from Calvary in the church of the Holy Sepulchre. Close attention is paid to the texts and works of art which commemorated the victory.

“The Jesuit mission proves we were here”: The Case of Eighteenth-Century Jesuit Missions Aiding Twenty-First Century Tribal Recognition

Records indicate that during the French colonial period, Jesuits established four mission congregations within the territory now known as Vermont. These missions were established to preach to both French colonists and Native converts on Isle La Motte, on the Missisquoi River in Swanton, at Fort Saint-Frédéric on Lake Champlain, and in the area known as the Koas on the Connecticut River. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the Abenaki peoples of Vermont have had a long and difficult road to gain state and federal recognition. These descendant communities have invoked the existence of Jesuit missions to the Abenaki as proof of the current tribal governments’ legitimacy. This is intriguing considering the blame for cultural destruction is often laid at the feet of Jesuit missionaries. This paper examines the relationship between historical and archaeological evidence of French Jesuits and the legal legitimization of the Abenaki of Vermont.

„Biuletyn Informacyjny” żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Piechoty Armii Krajowej jako świadectwo wspomnień walk i głos pamięci o losach ofiar ludobójstwa – analiza zawartości treści i struktury kwartalnika

“INFORMATION BULLETIN” OF THE SOLDIERS OF THE 27TH VOLHYNIAN INFANTRY DIVISION OF THE HOME ARMY (WDPAK) AS A TESTIMONY TO THE MEMORIES OF STRUGGLES AND COMMEMORATION THE FATE OF GENOCIDE VICTIMS – ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE QUARTERLY The “Information Bulletin” of the 27th WDPAK, which had been published for 29 years, played a significant role for the milieu of former soldiers of the Volhynia Division and their families. The analysis of its content reveals a very interesting research material. The author of the study made a comparison of approx. 9,000 pages of source material, published in the years 1984-2012. The publication provides answers to the questions of what the “Bulletin” was, who created it, what its purpose was and what roles it played. The work discusses particular columns and changing structure of the quarterly. The author notices links between published articles and the political situation during the publication of subsequent issues of the magazine. Polish-Ukrainian relations, which changed over the years, were also of particular importance. The disagreements between these two nations, genocide and the difficult road to truth were among the main themes presented in the “Bulletin”. The author analyses and compares articles on particular topics that appeared in the quarterly over the years and discusses these issues in the literature on the subject.

Study of the combined drive of the road train

This article describes purpose, areas of application and main parameters of heavy road trains for the transportation of special and general cargo. Heavy-duty road trains with drive wheels of trailed links are considered. The advantages of using heavy-duty road trains in comparison with single trucks are shown. Additional energy sources for a standard engine (diesel or gas turbine engine for driving a three-phase generator), designed to overcome steep ascents and difficult road sections, are considered. The analysis of the turn of the road train is carried out. The advantages of ring and parallel circuit with individual control are shown. The analysis of the traction forces on the wheels and the spread of losses when turning the road train in a multi-engine drive are made. The traction and dynamic properties of road trains are presented. They characterize the limiting power and kinematic capabili-ties of road trains in various modes of movement. A search for a rational distribution of currents depending on the forces acting on the wheels and losses in the tires was made. The study of the turning of the vehicle was carried out. The values of currents, the magnitude of the spread of currents and their influence on the efficiency were calculated. The economic charac-teristics of road trains were determined. A methodology and algorithms for calculating losses and efficiency were developed. An algo-rithm for calculating at equal currents is presented. Calculations of the efficiency at various speeds and turning radii when the road train is moving are carried out. The analysis of the efficiency at the equality of currents and powers when the speed of movement is changed was made. Various design and technological measures are proposed to improve the technical characteristics of the road train.

HISTORICAL AND LITERARY CONTEXTS OF VSEVOLOD IVANOV’S STORY «RUNNING ISLE»

The story of Vs. Ivanov «Running Isle» (Begstvuyushchiy ostrov) and the typologically close novels by M. Plotnikov «Belovodye» and V. Shishkov «Scarlet Snowdrifts», as well asA. Platonov’s short-story «Ivan Zhokh», are considered in the article in the historical context of the early 1920s, when question of social ideal of the country - communism - was updated. The typological commonality of the texts is revealed by analyzing their composition, which includes similar elements: the appearance of the image of the righteous land - Belovodye; long and difficult road; the image of not «real» Belovodye - a rich, but devoid of righteousness land; a symbolic image of a long path to a true social ideal. It is shown that for Soviet critics the peasant social ideal was unacceptable.