The Virtues of Justice: Toward a Moral and Jurisprudential Psychology

Within the theoretical literature on crime control and offender therapy, little has been written about the importance of virtue ethics in the experience of human justice and in the evolution of the common good. As a theory of being, the aretaic tradition extols eudemonic existence (i.e., excellence, flourishing) as a relational habit of developing character that is both practiced and embodied over time. What this implies is that virtue justice depends on a set of assumptions and predispositions—both moral and jurisprudential—whose meanings are essential to comprehending its psychological structure. This article sets out to explore several themes that our integral to our thesis on the virtues (i.e., the being) of justice. We reclaim justice’s aretaic significance, critique the common conflation of justice and law, discuss how the dominant legalistic conception of justice is rooted in a particular view of human nature, suggest how justice might be more properly grounded in natural moral sensibilities, and provide a tentative explication of the psychological character of justice as a twofold moral disposition. Given this exploratory commentary, we conclude by reflecting on how individual well-being, system-wide progress, and transformative social change are both possible and practical, in the interest of promoting the virtues of justice within the practice of crime control and offender therapy.

Manipulative Capacity in the application of the Comparison mechanism

The article presents some theoretical justifications and some features of the origin of the comparison mechanism. Some areas of the practical application of the comparison mechanism were also presented, and the main manipulative intentions were analyzed. The theoretical part considers and analyzes the problems and features of the development of a comparison mechanism. In particular, the Adler theory is analyzed. The author substantiates the fact that the basis of the comparison mechanism originates in early childhood. In this process, a particular role and significance is the fact of comparison with siblings. The theory of object relations is also considered a theoretical basis, especially regarding the psychological structure of the narcissistic personality. In this context, the psychoanalytic approach is regarded as a profound basis for forming a psychological comparison mechanism and later becomes a stable behavioural pattern. The correlation between the emergence of the psychological comparison mechanism and the influence of the individual's environment is also theoretically justified. The formed behavioural pattern becomes the basis for subsequent manipulations in the field of social psychology. In particular, the concept of a reference group is when an individual compares himself with members of his group and groups of opponents. In this case, using this mechanism, you can build the foundations of national identity and, as an additional tactic using the mechanism of depreciation. In marketing, a manipulative comparison mechanism is used to influence the self-image. In this case, a particular consumer is identified with this image by comparing himself to the advertising image. In the political and marketing spheres, manipulative use of the comparison mechanism can be found very often. The phenomenon of manipulation in this context concerns the concept of intention. The main manipulative intention is the desire to devalue. In politics, devaluation is often used, and in marketing, dominance is used. In the context of the latter, appropriate language is used. The manipulative use of the comparison mechanism is considered in the example of the discursive practices of representatives of individual political elites. In the political sphere, in using the comparison mechanism, the intention of devaluation, narcissistic comparison is mainly used. This process can particularly be seen when comparing the speech of the President of Georgia with the statement of the President of Ukraine. Using the example of President Zelensky's statement, one can see the use of a symbolic image, which provides even greater power of manipulative influence on one's audience. In marketing and advertising, the comparison mechanism is combined with the demonstration of the advantages of your own product compared to others.

Music, Evolution, and the Experience of Time

This chapter explores the psychological structure and perception of time in music in light of recent theoretical discussion and proposals for specific features of the human faculty for music—qualities that are at once universally present and operational in music across cultures whilst also being unique to our species and to the domain of music. The author contends that music’s architectural foundations—configurations of musical pulse, musical tone, and musical motivation—provide a sustained attentional structure for managing personal experience and interpersonal interaction and offer a continually renewing phenomenological link between the immediate past, the perceptual present and future expectation. A crucial and distinguishing feature of our experience with music is thus the particular way in which we share intersubjective time and enact and create an extended moment by constantly merging from one perceptual present into the next.

EMOTIONALLY-EVALUATIVE POTENTIAL OF MEDICAL TERMS IN CONSCIOUSNESS OF MEDICAL STUDENTS

В статье обсуждаются верифицированные на основе метода субъективного шкалирования результаты свободного ассоциативного эксперимента, проведенного с участием студентов медицинского вуза, которым в качестве стимулов были предложены медицинские термины, называющие болезни. Особое внимание уделяется динамике эмоционально-оценочной составляющей значения медицинского термина, которая обусловлена разным уровнем профессиональных компетенций воспринимающих термин испытуемых. The article discusses the results of two psycholinguistic experiments: free associative experiment and subjective scaling with the participation of medical university students who worked with medical terms naming diseases as stimuli. Special attention is paid to the dynamics of the emotional-evaluative component, represented in the psychological structure of the meaning of the medical term, associated with different levels of professional competencies of the subjects perceiving the term.

Exploring Users’ Mental Models for Anthropomorphized Voice Assistants through Psychological Approaches

Various perspectives are being studied to increase the usability and persistence of voice assistants (VA) as the use is rapidly expanding to various domains. Particularly, many studies note that users personify VA. Systems designed to suit users differing mental models while using specific systems can provide a positive user experience, increasing usability and persistence. Therefore, we tried to structure the mental model of users using personified VA and proposed these results as an important factor to consider in personifying VA. To determine important factors to consider in personifying VA, this research structures the mental model of users using personified VA. Furthermore, we used two types of psychological approaches that were not applied in previous studies to analyze users’ mental models. Using two types of psychological approaches that were not applied in previous studies, this research analyzed users’ mental models. In Study 1, each user’s thinking process is derived through ZMET (Zaltman metaphor elicitation techniques as a consensus map. Afterward, in Study 2, correlations between the key components analyzed in Study 1 are validated through RG (repertory grid technique). As a result, the research found that there are three different psychological structures. The first structure is of users who feel human-like empathy and warmth in the use of VA. Meanwhile, the second structure is of users who seek help with problem-solving. The last is the psychological structure of users who regarded anthropomorphic VA as just a machine. Users with this mental model expect the potential for development as a machine rather than the personification of VA. Ultimately, this research is meaningful in that it analyzes each user’s psychological mechanism for personified VA through a psychological approach and derives three new mental models in detail.

WARUM TÖTETE RASKOL’NIKOV EIGENTLICH? MOTIVIERUNG IM LICHTE EINER PSYCHOHISTORISCHEN MOTIVATION

This paper shows that the text of the novel Crime and Punishment places plot and characters in the context of a specific historical epoch. The epoch implies a specific psychological structure of the characters. One aspect of this psychological structure is singled out and demonstrated on the basis of its intra-fictional as well as its extra-fictional motivating effect. In this way, the old riddle of why Raskolnikov actually became a murderer is solved.

Psychoemotional impact of moral-religious education in the family, school and Church

The human person is not a static being, he must be understood as a dynamic being, in constant development. Its continuous evolution concerns both the psychological structure (intelligence, character, emotion) and biological infrastructure (or body) and the social superstructure (or society). From an objective angle, the being is as far as the body is seen. From the point of view of the soul, however, the being never stops at the frontier of the body. It is not only us, but also the family in which we were born, the marriage we have established, the profession we have, the class and the nation we belong to, etc. The present paper aims at the development of the personality from the perspective of the family, the school and the Church, as fundamental factors of education. The importance of such a topic lies in the practical approach by researching the current phenomenon of education in terms of the factors mentioned. The interest for this topic was born from the interdisciplinary psychological and theological approach. The two fields of research have in common the issue of the human being, one emphasizing its social role, the other emphasizing its spiritual dimension.

PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROFESSIONAL-IMPORTANT QUALITIES OF FIRE-RESCUE FIRMERS

Объектом исследования в данной работе выступили ведущие личностные особенности и профессионально важные качества пожарных-спасателей, на основе которых разрабатывается психологическая структурная модель эффективного профессионала. Цель исследования состояла в выявлении и интерпретации показателей блоков личностных качеств испытуемых: эмоционального, коммуникативного, интеллектуального и саморегуляционного. Для решения поставленной цели использовался 16-факторный личностный опросник Р. Кеттелла. Результаты исследования демонстрируют наличие у пожарных спасателей таких ярко выраженных качеств, как готовность к риску, решительность смелость, стрессоустойчивость и умеренная социальная интроверсия. The object of the research in this work was the leading personal characteristics and professionally important qualities of firefighters-rescuers, on the basis of which the psychological structural model of an effective professional is being developed. The aim of the study was to identify and interpret the indicators of the blocks of personal qualities of the subjects: emotional, communicative, intellectual and self-regulatory. To solve this goal, the 16-factor personality questionnaire of R. Kettell was used. The results of the study demonstrate that firefighters rescuers have such pronounced qualities as willingness to take risks, decisiveness, courage, stress resistance and moderate social introversion.