A Case Study on Development of India China Border Trade for the Development of North East India

Border trade is a type of trade in local products of limited value by the people residing within a few kilometers on either side of the international border. Today India’s border trade is conducted along India’s international borders with Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and line of control with Pakistan and line of actual control with China. The contribution of border trade is negligible in Indian economy but it has immense impact on its relationships with the neighbouring countries as at a bilateral level any amount of border trade has a very big confidence building effect as it encourages constructive engagements, stabilises border’s political situation by reducing frictions and gives a legal meaning to the disputes of the international borders. This paper will study the importance of border trade between India and China in the current world political scenario. This study has been casual, exploratory and empirical in nature and the data needed for research work has been collected by using both direct and indirect method of data collection.

AN INTRODUCTORY REVIEW ABOUT DEFENCE MANAGEMENT: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The concept of management refers to the process to plan, to organize, to staff, to direct and to control the activities in any organization for achieving the common goal in a very systematic manner. Further, the term management refers to both a method of science art to empower individuals and to make an institution more efficient and effective when compared to the state without the manager and the management. As a process of the institution, the management lies amidst the policy formation for and the actual control and command of the forces in the military sector. management covers elements like management of the resources of sector, management of the personnel in the field and acquisition management.

Design Low-Order Robust Controller for Self-Balancing Two-Wheel Vehicle

When there is no driver, balancing the two-wheel vehicle is a challenging but fascinating problem. There are various solutions for maintaining the balance of a two-wheel vehicle. This article presents a solution for balancing a two-wheel vehicle using a flywheel according to the inverted pendulum principle. Since uncertainties influence the actual operating environment of the vehicle, we have designed a robust controller RH∞ to maintain the vehicle equilibrium. Robust controllers often have a high order that can affect the actual control performance; therefore, order reduction algorithms are proposed. Using Matlab/Simulink, we compared the performance of the control system with different reduced-order controllers to choose a suitable low-order controller. Finally, experimental results using a low-order robust controller show that the vehicle balances steadily in different scenarios: no-load, variable load, stationary, and moving.

Improved Short-Circuit Current Calculation of Doubly Fed Wind Turbines With Uninterrupted Excitation

With the enlarging scale of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to a power system, the influence of short-circuit current on the system relay protection could not be ignored. Setting and configuring relay protection would be affected by an imprecise short-circuit current calculation. However, some existing studies only consider the condition that the input is the Crowbar and the rotor excitation is blocked. China's new network standard requires the output reactive support current of a DFIG and will change the characteristics of short-circuit current. To solve this problem, on the basis of analyzing the characters of the transient equivalent potential of a DFIG, the transient model of a DFIG with uninterrupted excitation is provided. Based on the characteristics of a non-abrupt change of flux linkage and the requirement of a new grid standard reactive support current, the short-circuit current calculation method of a DFIG with uninterrupted excitation is put forward. Based on the real-time digital simulator (RTDS), a digital-analog experimental platform containing the actual control unit of the DFIG converter is founded, the proposed short-circuit current root mean square (RMS) value calculating method is validated.

Intermittent Sampled Data Control for Time-Varying Formation-Containment of the Multiagent System with/without Time Delay

Time-varying formation-containment problems for a second-order multiagent system (SOMAS) are studied via pulse-modulated intermittent control (PMIC) in this paper. A distributed control framework utilizing the neighbors’ positions and velocities is designed so that leaders in the multiagent system form a formation, and followers move to the convex hull formed by each leader. Different from the traditional formation-containment problems, this paper applies the PMIC framework, which is more common and more in line with the actual control scenarios. Based on the knowledge of matrix theory, algebraic graph theory, and stability theory, some sufficient conditions are given for the time-varying formation-containment problem of the second-order multiagent system. Some numerical simulations are proposed to verify the effectiveness of the results presented in this paper.

Cooperative Evolution Mechanism of Unmanned Swarm within the Framework of Public Goods Game

One of the key advantages of unmanned swarm operation is its autonomous cooperation. When the communication is interrupted or the centralized control manner is lost, the cooperative operation can still be carried out orderly. This work proposed a cooperative evolution mechanism within the framework of multiplayer public goods game to solve the problem of autonomous collaboration of unmanned swarm in case of failure of centralized control. It starts with the requirement analysis of autonomous cooperation in unmanned swarm, and then, the evolutionary game model of multiplayer public goods based on aspiration-driven dynamics is established. On this basis, the average abundance function is constructed by theoretical derivation, and furthermore, the influence of cost, multiplication factor, and aspiration level on the average abundance is simulated. Finally, the evolutionary mechanism of parameter adjustment in swarm cooperation is revealed via case study, and deliberate proposals are suggested to provide a meaningful exploration in the actual control of unmanned swarm cooperation.

The India–China Confrontation: A View from Seawards

Most Indians assumed that India’s humiliating military defeat at China’s hands in 1962 had jolted its political leadership out of its complacency, engendered by naïve beliefs in the commonality of China’s and India’s aims and aspirations. The current tense confrontation between Indian and Chinese forces in the remote Himalayan wastes of Ladakh, climaxing in the June 2020 sanguinary clash, therefore, came as a rude re-awakening for the Indian public. It is now obvious that over the past three decades, India’s politico-diplomatic establishment has been lulled into the false belief that parleys and summit meetings could ensure peace and tranquillity across the undefined ‘line of actual control’. They also seem oblivious of the fact that growing naval pressure from the south, coupled with existing military pressure in the north, could have ominous security implications for India. Amidst the prevailing perplexity, this essay is a modest attempt to cast some light on the rationale and motivation behind China’s actions and its long-term strategic objectives with a focus on its grandiose maritime ambitions.

Seizing a Window of Opportunity? The Causes and Consequences of the 2020 Sino-Indian Border Stand-off

In 2020, the Sino-Indian Line of Actual Control (LAC) witnessed several violent clashes between the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and the Indian military that resulted in a tense stand-off between the two highly mobilised armies and plunged Sino-Indian bilateral relations to its lowest point since the 1962 border war. Whilst confrontations between Chinese and Indian border forces are relatively commonplace, this recent crisis has proven remarkable due to the ferocity of the clashes and the alarming pace and degree to which established rules of engagement on the LAC have broken down. With both sides seemingly locked in a stalemate, it is prudent to reflect on the causes and significance of the current stand-off. This article argues that the crisis was largely precipitated by China’s calculation that India’s recent border infrastructure building activities and assertive domestic and foreign policy in the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir could threaten the PLA’s tactical advantage along the border, and eventually undermine China’s hold over the disputed Aksai Chin region. Acting on these perceptions and sensing that a ‘window of opportunity’ could be rapidly closing, the Chinese government authorised the PLA to initiate actions to consolidate its advantageous position on the LAC. Although both militaries are fully mobilised and in close proximity across the LAC, both sides clearly recognise the decision to go to war would not benefit either side. Hence, both sides will need to engage in some deft diplomacy going forward to resolve the current crisis and to reset bilateral ties.

To Believe in Siri

AI voice assistants are based on software that enters into dialogue with users through speech in order to provide replies to the users’ queries or execute tasks such as sending emails, searching on the web, or turning on a lamp. Every assistant is represented as an individual character or persona (e.g., “Siri” or “Alexa”) that despite being nonhuman can be imagined and interacted with as such. Focusing on the cases of Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant, this chapter argues that voice assistants activate an ambivalent relationship with users, giving them the illusion of control in their interactions with the assistants while at the same time withdrawing them from actual control over the computing systems that lie behind these interfaces. The chapter illustrates how this is made possible at the interface level by mechanisms of projection that expect users to contribute to the construction of the assistant as a persona, and how this construction ultimately conceals the networked computing systems administered by the powerful corporations who developed these tools.